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1910-42-5

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1910-42-5 Usage

Description

Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas. Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as ‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 1910-42-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Paraquat is a yellow solid with a faint, ammonia-like odor.
2. off-white powder

General Description

Colorless to yellow crystalline solid. Used as a contact herbicide and desiccant.

Air & Water Reactions

Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

Paraquat dichloride is stable in acidic media, but unstable in alkaline media. Paraquat dichloride is photochemically decomposed by UV irradiation in aqueous solutions and is rapidly inactivated by soil. The neat chemical may be sensitive to light. Paraquat dichloride is corrosive to metal and Paraquat dichloride can react with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. Paraquat dichloride is hydrolyzed by alkali compounds and Paraquat dichloride is inactivated by inert clays and anionic surfactants.

Health Hazard

Can cause death due to severe injury to the lungs. The lowest lethal oral dose reported in humans is 43 mg/kg.

Fire Hazard

Avoid strong oxidizers.

Flammability and Explosibility

Notclassified

Contact allergens

Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with herbicide properties, as diquat. It is contained in Cekuquat? or Dipril?. It can cause contact and phototoxic contact dermatitis, acne, and leukoderma mainly in agricultural workers.

Safety Profile

A human poison by ingestion. Poison experimentally by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, cough, diarrhea, dyspnea, headache, hyp

Potential Exposure

Those engaged in manufacture, formulation and application of this herbicide. Classified for restricted use: limited to use by a certified applicator, or those under applicator’s direct supervision.

Shipping

UN2781 Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Purification Methods

Recrystallise the dichloride from MeOH/acetone mixture. It has also been recrystallised three times from absolute EtOH [Bancroft et al. Anal Chem 53 1390 1981]. Dry it at 80o in a vacuum. [Beilstein 23/8 V 30.]

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides (hydrolysis), alkylarylsulfonate wetting agents. Corrosive to metals. Decomposes in presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Decomposes in heat (see physical properties, above) and in the presence of UV light, producing nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride.

Waste Disposal

Paraquat is rapidly inactivated in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants. Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 1910-42-5 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,9,1 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1910-42:
(6*1)+(5*9)+(4*1)+(3*0)+(2*4)+(1*2)=65
65 % 10 = 5
So 1910-42-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C12H14N2/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12/h3-10H,1-2H3/q+2

1910-42-5SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 19, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 19, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name paraquat dichloride

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 1,1’-dimethyl-[4,4’-bipyridine]-1,1’-diium dichloride

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:1910-42-5 SDS

1910-42-5Synthetic route

methyl vilogen diiodide
1983-60-4

methyl vilogen diiodide

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With silver(I) chloride In water95%
With Amberlite IRA-400
4,4'-bipyridine
553-26-4

4,4'-bipyridine

chloroacetic acid
79-11-8

chloroacetic acid

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 140℃; for 24h;94%
at 140℃; for 4h;2.43 g
4,4'-bipyridine
553-26-4

4,4'-bipyridine

methyl iodide
74-88-4

methyl iodide

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 12h;92.3%
4,4'-bipyridine
553-26-4

4,4'-bipyridine

dimethyl sulfate
77-78-1

dimethyl sulfate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

4,4'-bipyridine
553-26-4

4,4'-bipyridine

methylene chloride
74-87-3

methylene chloride

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 130℃; for 8h;
at 20℃; for 1h;
methyl viologen cation radical
26985-31-9

methyl viologen cation radical

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ruthenium(III) In water Rate constant;
With water; titanium(IV) oxide; isopropyl alcohol Equilibrium constant; Irradiation;
methyl viologen radical cation chloride
1910-42-5, 79028-21-0

methyl viologen radical cation chloride

nitrobenzene
98-95-3

nitrobenzene

A

nitrobenzene radical anion
98-95-3, 12169-65-2

nitrobenzene radical anion

B

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With isopropyl alcohol In water at 23℃; Equilibrium constant; Mechanism; Rate constant; Irradiation; pulse radiolytic study, effect of pH;
4-cyano-1-methylpyridinium chloride
45709-30-6

4-cyano-1-methylpyridinium chloride

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate; titanium(IV) oxide In ethanol Irradiation;
cucurbit[7]uril methylviologen dichloride 1:1 inclusion complex

cucurbit[7]uril methylviologen dichloride 1:1 inclusion complex

A

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

B

cucurbituril
259886-50-5

cucurbituril

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Tris buffer; sodium chloride In water at 25℃; pH=7.2; Equilibrium constant; Further Variations:; Reagents;
4,4'-bipyridine
553-26-4

4,4'-bipyridine

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 71 percent / dimethylformamide / 1.) in an ice bath, 1 h, 2.) RT, 24 h
2: Amberlite IRA-400
View Scheme
4-iodopyridine
15854-87-2

4-iodopyridine

4-pyridylboronic acid
1692-15-5

4-pyridylboronic acid

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium carbonate; potassium carbonate / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C / Inert atmosphere
2: 1 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
pyridin-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate
154446-99-8

pyridin-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate

4-pyridylboronic acid
1692-15-5

4-pyridylboronic acid

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; potassium carbonate / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C / Inert atmosphere
2: 1 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
4-bromopyridin
1120-87-2

4-bromopyridin

4-pyridylboronic acid
1692-15-5

4-pyridylboronic acid

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: potassium carbonate; palladium diacetate / toluene / 6 h / 80 °C / Inert atmosphere
2: 1 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
methyl viologen radical cation chloride
1910-42-5, 79028-21-0

methyl viologen radical cation chloride

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With choline chloride; urea
hydrogen dicarbollylcobaltate
60824-44-4

hydrogen dicarbollylcobaltate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

2C4H22B18Co(1-)*C12H14N2(2+)

2C4H22B18Co(1-)*C12H14N2(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water100%
2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene
581-43-1

2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

cucurbit[8]uril sulfate

cucurbit[8]uril sulfate

C48H48N32O16*C12H14N2(2+)*C10H8O2*O4S(2-)

C48H48N32O16*C12H14N2(2+)*C10H8O2*O4S(2-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water for 72h;96%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

cadmium(II) bromide

cadmium(II) bromide

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*CdBr2Cl2(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(CdBr2Cl2)
96528-49-3

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*CdBr2Cl2(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(CdBr2Cl2)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In not given elem. anal.;95%
sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate

sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate

carbon monoxide
201230-82-2

carbon monoxide

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*Pt12(CO)24(2-)=[(CH3NC5H4)2][Pt12(CO)24]

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*Pt12(CO)24(2-)=[(CH3NC5H4)2][Pt12(CO)24]

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium acetate In methanol Pt complex was added with stirring to soln. of CH3COONa in methanol under CO; after 24 h soln. of methylviologen in methanol was added; mixt. was stirred for 1 h; filtered; washed (methanol); dried (vac.); elem. anal.;94%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dihexafluorophosphate
67994-95-0

N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dihexafluorophosphate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonium hexafluorophosphate In water at 20℃; for 0.5h;93%
With potassium hexafluorophosphate In water at 20℃; for 2h;64%
With ammonium hexafluorophosphate In water
tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate

tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*SnCl6(2-)*H2O=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnCl6)*H2O

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*SnCl6(2-)*H2O=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnCl6)*H2O

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol paraquat dichloride in methanol added to a stirred soln. of SnCl4*5H2O in methanol and stirred for 15 min;; ppt. filtered, dried in air and recrystd. from MeOH/H2O (1:1) mixt.; elem. anal.;;90%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

manganese(II) nitrate

manganese(II) nitrate

4Na(1+)*[Re6Se8(CN)6](4-) = Na4[Re6Se8(CN)6]

4Na(1+)*[Re6Se8(CN)6](4-) = Na4[Re6Se8(CN)6]

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

[1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium][Mn(methanol)2(Re6Se8(CN)6)]

[1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium][Mn(methanol)2(Re6Se8(CN)6)]

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; water Mn(NO3)2 (1 mmol) and methyl viologen dichloride (1 mmol) dissolved in H2O; stirred (30 min); soln. of Na4Re6Se8(CN)6 in methanol added; stirredovernight (room temp.); ppt. collected by filtration; washed with H2O; dried in air; elem. anal.;90%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

cucurbit[8]uril sulfate

cucurbit[8]uril sulfate

2-[2-(2-{2-[2-([2,2']bi[[1,3]dithiolylidene]-4-ylmethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethanol

2-[2-(2-{2-[2-([2,2']bi[[1,3]dithiolylidene]-4-ylmethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethanol

C12H14N2(2+)*C17H26O6S4*C48H48N32O16*2Cl(1-)*H2O4S

C12H14N2(2+)*C17H26O6S4*C48H48N32O16*2Cl(1-)*H2O4S

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Heating;89%
bis(η6-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)niobium(0)
68088-96-0

bis(η6-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)niobium(0)

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

Nb(C9H12)2Cl
139130-82-8

Nb(C9H12)2Cl

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene N2 or Ar atmosphere; stirring (room temp., 5 h); filtration, partial evapn., pptn. by addn. of heptane, filtration, drying (vac., room temp.); elem. anal.;87%
chlorotriethylstannane
994-31-0

chlorotriethylstannane

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

potassium tetracyanocuprate (I)

potassium tetracyanocuprate (I)

2Cu(1+)*3C2H5(1-)*Sn(4+)*0.5C10H8N2(CH3)2(2+)*4CN(1-)*H2O=(C10H8N2(CH3)2)0.5((C2H5)3Sn)Cu2(CN)4*H2O

2Cu(1+)*3C2H5(1-)*Sn(4+)*0.5C10H8N2(CH3)2(2+)*4CN(1-)*H2O=(C10H8N2(CH3)2)0.5((C2H5)3Sn)Cu2(CN)4*H2O

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In water; acetone N2-atmosphere; slow addn. of Cu-complex (in H2O) to 1.5 equiv. of bipyridinium salt (in H2O), evapn., dissoln. in H2O/NaOH, addn. of 2 equiv. ofSn-compd. (in Me2CO, pptn.); filtration, washing (H2O/Me2CO), drying (vac., overnight); elem. anal.;87%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipiperidine
15591-62-5

1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipiperidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; rhodium In water under 760 Torr; for 5h; Product distribution; Ambient temperature; variation of catalyst, supports, reaction time;85%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl
25128-26-1

1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonium hydroxide; sodium hydroxide; sodium dithionite for 2h;83%
With magnesium In acetonitrile for 48h; Ambient temperature; Yield given;
controlled potential bulk electrolysis; Hg/SCE electrodes, -1.3 V;
With cesium anthracene In benzene at 60℃; for 2h;
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

tin(ll) chloride

tin(ll) chloride

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*2SnCl3(1-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnCl3)2

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*2SnCl3(1-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnCl3)2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With HCl In methanol to SnCl2 in degassed MeOH/HCl under inert atm. paraquat dichloride is added and stirred for 30 min;; ppt. filtered under N2 and dried in vacuo; elem. anal.;;82%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

stannic bromide
7789-67-5

stannic bromide

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*SnBr4Cl2(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnBr4Cl2)
97225-80-4

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*SnBr4Cl2(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2(SnBr4Cl2)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol paraquat dichloride in methanol added to SnBr4 in methanol and stirred for 15 min;; ppt. filtered, dried in air and recrystd. from MeOH/H2O (1:1) mixt.; elem. anal.;;76%
nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate

nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate

potassium thioacyanate
333-20-0

potassium thioacyanate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

((1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium)2[Ni(SCN)5]Cl*2H2O)n

((1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium)2[Ni(SCN)5]Cl*2H2O)n

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water methylviologen dichloride (0.2 mmol), KSCN (0.5 mmol) and NiCl2*6H2O (0.1 mmol) dissolved in water; soln. filtered, filtrate slowly evapd. at room temp.; crystals obtained after 7 d; elem. anal.;67.9%
Trichlorbutylstannan
1118-46-3

Trichlorbutylstannan

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*C4H9SnCl5(2-)*2H2O=(CH3NC5H4)2(C4H9SnCl5)*2H2O

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*C4H9SnCl5(2-)*2H2O=(CH3NC5H4)2(C4H9SnCl5)*2H2O

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol n-BuSnCl3 in methanol added dropwise to paraquat dichloride in methanol at room temp. and stirred for 20 min;; ppt. filtered, washed with methanol and dried in air; elem. anal.;;62%
hydroxygallium naphthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid

hydroxygallium naphthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

2C12H14N2(2+)*C48H21GaN8O13S4(4-)

2C12H14N2(2+)*C48H21GaN8O13S4(4-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; water Heating / reflux;61%
2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Zn((NC6H4N)SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Zn((NC6H4N)SCCS)2}

2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Zn((NC6H4N)SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Zn((NC6H4N)SCCS)2}

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)zincate
107769-57-3

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)zincate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol layering of the bipyridinedium chloride in MeOH to the metal complex inMeOH and standing at room temp. for 15 h; filtn., washing with MeOH and drying (high vac.); elem. anal.;58%
5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalic acid
1421279-62-0

5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalic acid

water
7732-18-5

water

cobalt(II) diacetate tetrahydrate
6147-53-1

cobalt(II) diacetate tetrahydrate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

[Co(1,1′-dimethyl-[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium)0.5(5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalate)]·H2O

[Co(1,1′-dimethyl-[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium)0.5(5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalate)]·H2O

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 140℃; for 72h; Autoclave; High pressure;58%
2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Cd((NC)2SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Cd((NC)2SCCS)2}

2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Cd((NC)2SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Cd((NC)2SCCS)2}

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)cadmate
107769-63-1

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)cadmate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
according to A. Fernandez, H. Goerner, H. Kisch, Chem. Ber. 118 (1985) 1936; A. Fernandez, H. Kisch, ibid. 117 (1984) 3102;; elem. anal.;57%
2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Hg((NC)2SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Hg((NC)2SCCS)2}

2{N(C4H9)4}(1+)*{Hg((NC)2SCCS)2}(2-)={N(C4H9)4}2{Hg((NC)2SCCS)2}

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)mercurate
107798-06-1

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethenedithiolato)mercurate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
according to A. Fernandez, H. Goerner, H. Kisch, Chem. Ber. 118 (1985) 1936; A. Fernandez, H. Kisch, ibid. 117 (1984) 3102;; elem. anal.;57%
potassium hexafluorophosphate
17084-13-8

potassium hexafluorophosphate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

2,6-diethyl-4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4-iodophenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene

2,6-diethyl-4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4-iodophenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene

C34H36BF2IN4(2+)*2F6P(1-)

C34H36BF2IN4(2+)*2F6P(1-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2,6-diethyl-4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4-iodophenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene With N-Bromosuccinimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.5h; Darkness; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: paraquat dichloride In dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 0.5h; Darkness; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #3: potassium hexafluorophosphate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide Inert atmosphere;
56%
(tetrabutylammonium)2 bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)cadmate
107769-54-0

(tetrabutylammonium)2 bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)cadmate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)cadmate
107769-56-2

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2,3-quinoxalinedithiolato)cadmate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol layering of the bipyridinedium chloride in MeOH to the metal complex inMeOH and standing at room temp. for 15 h; filtn., washing with MeOH and drying (high vac.); elem. anal.;55%
5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalic acid
1421279-62-0

5-((2′-carboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy)isophthalic acid

cadmium(II) acetate dihydrate
5743-04-4

cadmium(II) acetate dihydrate

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

C22H13O7(3-)*Cd(2+)*0.5C12H14N2(2+)

C22H13O7(3-)*Cd(2+)*0.5C12H14N2(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 130℃; for 72h; Autoclave; High pressure;55%
dimethyltin dichloride
753-73-1

dimethyltin dichloride

paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*(CH3)2SnCl4(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2((CH3)2SnCl4)

(CH3NC5H4)2(2+)*(CH3)2SnCl4(2-)=(CH3NC5H4)2((CH3)2SnCl4)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With HCl In methanol equimolar amts. of Me2SnCl2 and paraquat dichloride dissolved in methanol; concd. HCl added;; soln. allowed to evaporate in desiccator, after 2 days crystals filtered and dried; elem. anal.;;54%
paraquat dichloride
1910-42-5

paraquat dichloride

bis(tetra-n-butylammonium) bis(1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolato)zinc(II)

bis(tetra-n-butylammonium) bis(1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolato)zinc(II)

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2-thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolato)zincate
107769-58-4

(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinediium) bis(2-thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolato)zincate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; chloroform; acetone dropwise addn. of bipyridinediium chloride in MeOH-CHCl3 to the metal complex in acetone and standing at room temp. for 15 h; filtn., washing with MeOH and drying (high vac.); elem. anal.;53%

1910-42-5Relevant articles and documents

Stimulus-Mediated Ultrastable Radical Formation

Kuehnel, Moritz F.,McCune, Jade A.,Reisner, Erwin,Scherman, Oren A.

, (2020)

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An Aqueous Redox-Flow Battery with High Capacity and Power: The TEMPTMA/MV System

Janoschka, Tobias,Martin, Norbert,Hager, Martin D.,Schubert, Ulrich S.

, p. 14427 - 14430 (2016)

Redox-flow batteries (RFB) can easily store large amounts of electric energy and thereby mitigate the fluctuating output of renewable power plants. They are widely discussed as energy-storage solutions for wind and solar farms to improve the stability of the electrical grid. Most common RFB concepts are based on strongly acidic metal-salt solutions or poorly performing organics. Herein we present a battery which employs the highly soluble N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride (TEMPTMA) and the viologen derivative N,N′-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride (MV) in a simple and safe aqueous solution as redox-active materials. The resulting battery using these electrolyte solutions has capacities of 54 Ah L?1, giving a total energy density of 38 Wh L?1at a cell voltage of 1.4 V. With peak current densities of up to 200 mA cm?2the TEMPTMA/MV system is a suitable candidate for compact high-capacity and high-power applications.

Aspects of Artificial Photosynthesis. Photosensitized Electron Transfer and Charge Separation in Redox Active Surfactant Aggregates

Kurihara, Kazue,Tundo, Pietro,Fendler, Janos H.

, p. 3777 - 3782 (1983)

Photosensitized electron transfer and charge separation have been demonstrated by steady-state and nanosecond laser flash photolysis in the presence of redox active surfactant aggregates prepared from CH2=C(CH3)COO(CH2)11(C5H4N+)2CH3, Br-, I- (RMV2+).Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium chloride (Ru(bpy)32+) has been used as a sensitizer.Forward electron transfer from excited Ru(bpy)32+ to RMV2+ aggregates has been shown to be faster than that from Ru(bpy)32+ to methylviologen (MV2+) in homogeneous solutions.Conversely, the undesirable back-reactionbetween the reduced electron acceptor RMV+. and the oxidized sensitizer Ru(bpy)33+ has been found to be considerably retarded compared to the reaction between MV+. and Ru(bpy)32+.Further, unlike MV+., RMV+. decayed by a two-step process.These results have been rationalized in terms of a mechanism which requires most of the photosensitized forward electron transfer to occur on the surface of RMV2+ aggregates.Subsequently, some of the oxidized sensitizer escapes the potential field of RMV2+ and charge recombination is retarded by electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged aggregates and Ru(bpy)33+.

A supramolecular switch based on three binding states of a pyrene derivate: A reversible three-state switch with only two stimuli

Chen, Hao,Yang, Hui,Xu, Wenchao,Tan, Yebang

, p. 13311 - 13317 (2013)

A fluorescent molecule, N-methyl-pyrenemethylammonium (MPA+), can be encapsulated inside cucurbit[8]uril's (CB[8]) cavity to form a binary host-guest complex. And the binary complex can further binds methyl viologen (MV2+), yielding a ternary complex. With only two chemical stimuli, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and amantadine hydrochloride (AD), the three binding states of MPA+, unbound MPA+, the binary complex and the ternary complex, can transform reversibly and exert three different fluorescence outputs.

Salt Effects on the Apparent Stability of the Cucurbit[7]uril-Methyl Viologen Inclusion Complex

Ong, Winston,Kaifer, Angel E.

, p. 1383 - 1385 (2004)

The effects of the medium ionic composition on the apparent equilibrium association constant (K) for the formation of a 1:1 inclusion complex between the guest methyl viologen (MV2+) and the host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) were studied in aqueous solutions. The K values were found to decrease with increasing ionic strength, with more pronounced effects for solutions containing divalent Ca2+ ions than for solutions containing monovalent Na+ ions. The competing ion-dipole interactions between Ca2+ or Na+ and MV2+ ions appear to be responsible for the remarkable modulation of the K values observed in this work.

TiO2 and CdS Colloids Stabilized by β-Cyclodextrins: Tailored Semiconductor-Receptor Systems as a Means to Control Interfacial Electron-Transfer Processes

Willner, Itamar,Eichen, Yoav

, p. 6862 - 6863 (1987)

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Correlating solution binding and ESI-MS stabilities by incorporating solvation effects in a confined cucurbit[8]uril system

Rauwald, Urs,Biedermann, Frank,Deroo, Stéphanie,Robinson, Carol V.,Scherman, Oren A.

, p. 8606 - 8615 (2010)

The high-throughput characterization of solution binding equilibria is essential in biomedical research such as drug design as well as in material applications of synthetic systems in which reversible binding interactions play critical roles. Although isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has been widely employed for describing such binding events, factors such as speed, concentration, and sample complexity would principally favor a mass spectrometry approach. Here, we show a link between ITC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) by incorporating solvation free energies in the study of the ternary complexes of the macrocyclic host cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The binding affinities of 32 aromatic reference complexes were studied by ITC and ESI-MS and combined with solvation data of the guests from an implicit solvation model (SM8) to obtain a correlation between aqueous and gas-phase measurements. The data illustrates the critical importance of solvation on the binding strength in CB[8]'s ternary complexes. Finally, this treatment enabled us to predict association constants that were in excellent agreement with measured values, including several highly insoluble guest compounds.

Pulse Radiolysis of Methyl Viologen in Aqueous Solutions

Solar, Sonja,Solar, Wolfgang,Getoff, Nikola,Holcman, Jerzy,Sehested, Knud

, p. 2467 - 2478 (1982)

Pulse radiolysis of air-free aqueous methyl viologen (MV2+) solutions was carried out at various pH.The attack of e-aq on MV2+, with k(e-aq + MV2+) = 7.5*1010 dm3 mol-1 s-1, leads to the formation of the long-lived radical cation (MV.+), which possesses two absorption maxima at 392.5 nm (ε392.5 = 4200 m2 mol-1) and 600 nm (ε600 = 1450 m2 mol-1).The H-atoms react with MV2+ at pH 1 forming two species, which have superimposed absorption bands.By means of a computer simulation they are resolved in the absorptions belonging to: (1) a protonated form of the radical cation (MV.+H+), which is produced with k(H + MV2+) = (3.5+/-0.2)*108 dm3 mol-1 s-1, has 2 absorption maxima at 390 nm (ε390 = 1700 m2 mol-1) and 595 nm (ε595 = 760 m2 mol-1) and decays by second-order kinetics with k = 3.5*109 dm3 mol-1 s-1; (2) an H-adduct (MV.2+H) on the ring carbon, which is formed with k(H + MV2+) = 2.5*108 dm3 mol-1 s-1, absorbs at 310 nm (ε310 = 900 m2 mol-1) and 470 nm (ε470 = 630 m2 mol-1) and decays by conversion into MV.+H+ in a first-order process with k = 6*103 s-1.For the equilibrium MV.+H+ MV.+ + H+ pK = 2.9+/-0.1 was determined.The presented data explain, at least partly, the instability of MV2+ when used as an electron acceptor in various devices for utilization of solar energy.

A preparation method of paraquat (by machine translation)

-

, (2018/06/15)

The invention provides a preparation method of paraquat, including: S1) metal palladium compound in the presence, of formula (I) with a compound represented by the 4 - pyridine boronic acid mixed reaction, to obtain 4, 4 '- bipyridyl; S2) will be the 4, 4' - bipyridyl with chlorodifluoromethane into salt, get the paraquat; wherein X is halogen or amides. Compared with the prior art, this invention has the formula (I) with a compound represented by the 4 - pyridine boronic acid as the raw material, to palladium metal compound as a catalyst, to carry out the cross-coupling reaction to obtain 4, 4' - bipyridyl, with the methyl chloride salt to obtain the paraquat, the method the reaction conversion is high, the reaction time is short, mild reaction conditions, without the need of high-temperature high-pressure, low requirements on equipment, and does not need to carry on the anhydrous solvent processing, at the same time the method after treatment is simple, the separation of the obtained product, the production process is simplified, is suitable for mass production. (by machine translation)

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