22978-84-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and pharmacokinetic study of novel liguzinediol prodrugs
Liu, Zheng,Li, Wei,Wen, Hong-Mei,Bian, Hui-Min,Zhang, Jing,Chen, Lei,Chen, Long,Yang, Kun-Di
, p. 4561 - 4572 (2013)
Liguzinediol (LZDO) ester prodrugs 3-5 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their potential use in prolonging the half-life of the parent drug LZDO (1a) in vivo. Prodrugs 3-5 were found to display a potent positive inotropic effect on the myocardium, without the risk of arrhythmia. Prodrugs 3-5 rapidly underwent enzymatic hydrolysis to release the parent compound LZDO in 1-3 h in rat liver microsomes and rat plasma. The half-life of the parent compound was prolonged after intragastric administration of prodrug 3, which was found to be a superior prodrug candidate for increasing myocardial contractility.
Stabilization of mitochondrial function by tetramethylpyrazine protects against kainate-induced oxidative lesions in the rat hippocampus
Li, Shu-Yan,Jia, Yu-Hong,Sun, Wen-Ge,Tang, Yuan,An, Guo-Shun,Ni, Ju-Hua,Jia, Hong-Ti
, p. 597 - 608 (2010)
Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell death, a key feature of neurodegeneration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial to Ca2+-mediated effects of glutamate receptor activation leading to neuronal degeneration. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a principal ingredient of Ligusticum wallichi Franchat (a Chinese herb), used for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic diseases. However, its protection against oxidative brain injury associated with excessive activation of glutamate receptors is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate TMP neuroprotection against kainate-induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. We found that TMP could partly alleviate kainate-induced status epilepticus in rats and prevented and rescued neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA3 but not the CA1 region. The partial prevention and rescue of neuronal loss by TMP were attributable to the preservation of the structural and functional integrity of mitochondria, evidenced by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, and complex I and III activities. Stabilization of mitochondrial function was linked to the observation that TMP could function as a reductant/antioxidant to quench ROS, block lipid peroxidation, and protect enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. These results suggest that TMP may protect against oxidative brain injury by stabilization of mitochondrial function through quenching of ROS.
Pyrazinedioxide-tetracyanoethylene arrays in the solid state new-donor-acceptor interactions for crystal engineering
Greer,McGee,Rogers,Blackstock
, p. 1864 - 1866 (1997)
Ladder and web polymorphic forms of cocrystals of tetramethylpyrazinedioxide (TMPDO) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) are obtained by rapid or slow crystallization, respectively. In the thermodynamically less stable, purple (TMPDO)2TCNE crystals the donor and acceptor building blocks are linked through N+O-···C(alkene) interactions to form one-dimensional ladders (see picture below).
Stabilizing volatile liquid chemicals using co-crystallization
Aaker?y, Christer B.,Wijethunga, Tharanga K.,Benton, Joshua,Desper, John
supporting information, p. 2425 - 2428 (2015/02/05)
A convenient, effective, and scalable protocol for stabilizing volatile liquid chemicals is reported. Through the use of halogen-bond driven co-crystal synthesis, several examples of liquid iodoperfluoroalkanes are transformed into crystalline materials with low-vapor pressure, considerable thermal stability, and moisture resistance. The target compounds can subsequently be re-generated through simple solvent-extractions.
Oxidation methods for aromatic diazines: Substituted pyrazine-N-oxides, pyrazine-N,N′-dioxides, and 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine-1,1″-dioxide
McKay, Scott E.,Sooter, Joseph A.,Bodige, Satish G.,Blackstock, Silas C.
, p. 307 - 312 (2007/10/03)
In the course of investigations into the intermolecular interactions of azaaromatic N-oxides it was necessary to perform oxidations of the pyridine and pyrazine moieties. Generally, it was found that direct oxidation with OXONE gave efficient preparation of pyrazine dioxides. Oxidation with dimethyldioxirane was used to preclude problems associated with the isolation of particularly hydrophilic pyrazine and pyrazine-N-oxides.
The urea-hydrogen peroxide complex: Solid-state oxidative protocols for hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones (Dakin reaction), nitriles, sulfides, and nitrogen heterocycles
Varma, Rajender S.,Naicker, Kannan P.
, p. 189 - 191 (2008/02/11)
(equation presented) An efficient solid-state oxidation of organic molecules is described using a stable, inexpensive, and easily handled reagent, the urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct. The generality of the reaction has been demonstrated in oxidation of several molecules, namely hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones (to hydroxylated phenols), sulfides (to sulfoxides and sulfones), nitriles (to amides), and nitrogen heterocycles (to N-oxides).
REACTION OF 1,2-HYDROXYLAMINOOXIMES WITH 1,2-DIKETONES. CONVERSION OF 2-ACYL-1-HYDROXY-3-IMIDAZOLINE 3-OXIDES TO PYRAZINE 1,4-DIOXIDES
Grigor'eva, L. N.,Tikhonov, A. Ya.,Amitina, S. A.,Volodarskii, L. B.,Korobeinicheva, I. K.
, p. 268 - 275 (2007/10/02)
The reaction of acyclic primary and secondary 1,2-hydroxylaminooximes with aliphatic, alkylaromatic, and alkylheteroaromatic 1,2-diketones, depending on the structure of the starting compounds and the reaction conditions, gives derivatives of pyrazine 1,4-dioxide, 2-acyl-1-hydroxy-3-imidazoline 3-oxide, or mixtures thereof. 2-Acyl-1-hydroxy-3-imidazoline 3-oxides have been converted to pyrazine 1,4-dioxides.
