23288-49-5 Usage
Description
Probucol is a kind of bis-phenol antioxidant with anti-hyperlipidemic activity. It had been initially developed for the treatment of coronary artery disease. However, its clinical trials were stopped after people found that it could lower the HDL and LDL cholesterol in patients of a history of heart disease. Probucol exerts its effect through accelerating the fractional rate of low-density (LDL) catabolism which is in the final pathway of cholesterol elimination inside the body. It may also inhibit the early stage of cholesterol biosynthesis and dietary cholesterol absorption.
References
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01599
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/probucol#section=Top
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probucol
Chemical Properties
White Solid
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 23288-49-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. antihyperlipidemic
2. Probucol is an antilipemic.
3. anti-hyperlipoproteinemic
4. An antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic agent which inhibits atherogenesis in murine models.
Definition
ChEBI: A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high l
vels of cholesterol in blood.
Brand name
Lorelco (Sanofi Aventis).
Biological Functions
Probucol (Lorelco) is a hypocholesterolemic drug with
few side effects that modestly (15–30%) decreases elevated
plasma LDL cholesterol levels. The marginal LDL-lowering action plus reports that it can lower
HDL cholesterol resulted in its discontinuation as a
hypocholesterolemic drug. However, it still may reduce
the risk of CHD because it is a powerful antioxidant.
The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis states
that oxidation of lipids in LDL is required for LDL uptake
by macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the intima
of arteries, leading to their transformation to foam cells, an early event in atherogenesis. A recent clinical
trial reported that use of probucol decreased the rate of
restenosis of coronary arteries by 50% in patients who
underwent angioplasty. Fluvastatin also has potent antioxidant
properties that may contribute to its antiatherosclerotic
effects.These findings suggest that reducing
high plasma lipids may not be the only approach to retarding
the progression of atherosclerosis and decreasing
the risk of coronary heart disease.
General Description
Probucol, 4,4' -[(1-methylethylidene)bis(thio)]bis[2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol], DH-581(Lorelco), is a chemical agent that was developed for the plasticsand rubber industry in the 1960s. The probucol moleculehas two tertiary butylphenol groups linked by a dithiopropylidenebridge, giving it a high lipophilic character with strongantioxidant properties. In humans, it causes reduction of bothliver and serum cholesterol levels, but it does not alter plasmatriglycerides. It reduces LDL and (to a lesser extent) HDLlevels by a unique mechanism that is still not clearly delineated.The reduction of HDL may be caused by the ability ofprobucol to inhibit the synthesis of apoprotein A-1, a majorprotein component of HDL. It is effective at reducing levelsof LDL and is used in hyperlipoproteinemias characterized byelevated LDL levels.
Biological Activity
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic agent. Inhibits atherogenesis in genetically hypercholesterolemic rabbits (Watanabe) and attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Mechanism of action
Probucol reduces the overall level of cholesterol—primarily low-density lipoproteins—
without having an effect on triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins. It has been
suggested that it inhibits synthesis of cholesterol itself and increases removal of bile salts.
Upon using this drug, a fraction of low-density proteins is reduced; however, even more
significant is the reduction of high-density proteins. From the epidemiological point of
view, this is dangerous, because lowering the concentration of high-density proteins means
less cholesterol is removed from tissues. However, in any case, probucol lowers the level
of cholesterol in the plasma by 10–15%. Moreover, it has been shown that probucol facilitates
reduction of necrotic zones in myocardial ischemia.
Pharmacology
Being a lipophilic compound,
it is easily distributed into fatty tissue and, as a result, approximately 20% of its maximum
concentration in the blood is still maintained for 6 months.
Synthesis
Probucol, bis(3,5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)mercaptol acetone (20.2.6), is
synthesized by thioketalizing acetone with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-mercaptophenol in the presence
of hydrogen chloride.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 23288-49-5 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 2,3,2,8 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 23288-49:
(7*2)+(6*3)+(5*2)+(4*8)+(3*8)+(2*4)+(1*9)=115
115 % 10 = 5
So 23288-49-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C31H48O2S2/c1-27(2,3)21-15-19(16-22(25(21)32)28(4,5)6)34-31(13,14)35-20-17-23(29(7,8)9)26(33)24(18-20)30(10,11)12/h15-18,32-33H,1-14H3
23288-49-5Relevant articles and documents
METHODS FOR PRODUCING 2,6-DI-TERT-BUTYL-4-MERCAPTOPHENOL AND 4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDITHIOBIS[2,6-DI-TERT-BUTYLPHENOL]
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Page/Page column 5, (2008/06/13)
The present invention provides a method for producing 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-mercaptophenol containing reducing bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) polysulfide with zinc in a mixed solvent of toluene and n-butanol, and provides a method for producing 4,4'-isopropylidenedithiobis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol] using the above-mentioned method.
Carotenoid ester analogs or derivatives for controlling C-reactive protein levels
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, (2008/06/13)
A method of controlling (e.g., influencing or affecting) C-reactive protein levels in a subject may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ester functionality.
Pharmaceutical compositions including carotenoid ether analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of disease
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, (2008/06/13)
A method for inhibiting and/or ameliorating the occurrence of diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals in a subject whereby a subject is administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The analog or derivative is administered such that the subject's risk of experiencing diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals may be thereby reduced. The analog or analog combination may be administered to a subject for the inhibition and/or amelioration of any disease that involves production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals. In some embodiments, the invention may include a pharmaceutical composition including a carotenoid analog or derivative. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ether functionality. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may include a biologically inactive carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be adapted to be administered to a human subject.