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• 288-94-8 1H-tetrazole 
• 14094-78-1 5H-tetrazole 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Maximization of the energy capability level in transition metal complexes through application of 1-amino- and 2-amino-5: H -tetrazole ligands

Toxic lead compounds (especially lead azide and lead styphnate), reliable but highly harmful compounds, still dominate the field of primary explosives used in most ignition and initiation systems to this day. Therefore, an extensive investigation into energetic materials with similar performance and minimized toxicity led to the very promising strategy of developing energetic coordination compounds (ECC). For the first time in literature, two isomeric amino-5H-tetrazoles with sensitivities already in the range of primaries, which could be obtained via practicable, easily scalable synthesis, proved to be very promising new energetic ECC ligands. By variation of the respective isomer (1-AT, 2-AT), metal(ii) center (MnII, FeII, CuII, ZnII) and the corresponding counter-anion (Cl-, NO3-, ClO3-, ClO4-, styphnate, trinitrophloroglucinate) desired properties could be tailored gradually, yielding 20 new, highly energetic and easily accessible transition metal(ii) complexes. In addition to comprehensive characterization by XRD, IR, EA, solid-state UV/Vis, DTA and TGA, BAM standard sensitivity measurements as well as ESD and ball drop impact sensitivities were determined. Classical initiation tests (nitropenta filled detonator) validated the present approach to be extraordinarily promising for potential use in advanced initiation systems. Beyond successfully achieving set goals in terms of sensitivity and toxicity, investigated complexes match or even outperform lead-based primaries' high performance and, more importantly, do not necessarily depend on initiation by mechanical stimuli. Laser irradiation of the received primary explosives with near-infrared light (NIR) yielded initiation reliably and safely, further extending their potential for future applications.

Synthesis and comparison of copper(ii) complexes with various: N -aminotetrazole ligands involving trinitrophenol anions

Due to the ongoing research on lead-free energetic materials, two different ligand systems (1-amino-5H-tetrazole (1-AT), 2-amino-5H-tetrazole (2-AT), 1-amino-5-methyltetrazole (1-AMT), and 2-amino-5-methyltetrazole (2-AMT)) were applied for the synthesis of 12 new energetic coordination compounds (ECC) with copper(ii) as the central metal. Different anions based on trinitrophenols (picric acid (HPA), styphnic acid (H2TNR), and trinitrophloroglucinol (H3TNPG)) were used for the specifical tuning of the energetic and physico-chemical properties of the complexes. Through the choice of ligand, the characteristics of the resulting products can be easily adjusted either towards sensitive primary explosives usable for classical initiation setups or towards laser-ignitable explosives with decreased sensitivities. The ECC were extensively characterized by e.g., X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), IR, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and UV/vis. In addition, the most promising compounds were analyzed by TGA and in classical initiation tests using nitropenta (PETN). Furthermore, the sensitivities towards external stimuli (impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge) were determined by standard methods and the influence of the anions towards them was investigated. Compounds [Cu(TNR)(1-AMT)2] and [Cu(HTNPG)(1-AMT)2] both possess appropriate sensitivities as well as thermal stabilities above 200 °C and show promising results to be used as potential lead azide replacements. In addition, all ECC were irradiated with a near infrared light (NIR) laser diode leading to different responses.

Amination of energetic anions: High-performing energetic materials

The new energetic materials 2-amino-5-nitrotetrazole (ANT, 1), 1-amino-3,4-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole (ADNT, 2), and both 1,1′-diamino-5, 5′-bistetrazole and 1,2′-diamino-5,5′-bistetrazole (11DABT, 3 and 12DABT, 4) have been prepared by the amination of the p