27008-12-4

Upstream product

• 201230-82-2 carbon monoxide 
• 100-40-3 4-ethenylcyclohexene 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

A general and efficient iridium-catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins

Breaking with conventional wisdom: Hydroformylation catalysts are generally based on rhodium; earlier, cobalt was used. Iridium, which is less expensive than rhodium, was considered too unreactive. However, iridium/phosphine complexes have now been shown to form active catalysts for the hydroformylation of olefins under mild conditions (see scheme; R1, R2=H, alkyl, aryl; R3=H, alkyl). Competing hydrogenation side reactions can be suppressed. Copyright

METHOD FOR HYDROFORMYLATION OF UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS

The invention relates to a method for hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds such as olefins and alkynes using mixtures of synthesis gas (CO/H2), in which either the unsaturated compounds and a catalyst are heated to a reaction temperature of 60 to 200° C. and the synthesis gas is then added, or the unsaturated compounds and the catalyst are brought into contact with pure CO at normal temperature in a preformation step, then are heated to reaction temperature and on reaching the reaction temperature the CO is replaced by the synthesis gas. The pressure is 1 to 200 bar and the CO:H2 ratio in the synthesis gas is in the range from 1:1 to 50:1. The iridium catalyst used comprises a phosphorus-containing ligand in the iridium:ligand ratio in the range from 1:1 to 1:100. With high catalyst activities and low catalyst use, very high turnover frequencies are achieved.

Hydroformylation of olefins catalyzed by rhodium complexes with phosphinitecalix[4]arenes

Hydroformylation of alkenes with various carbon chain lengths and arylalkenes in the presence of the catalytic system consisting of Rh(acac)(CO)2 and phosphinitecalix[4]arenes was studied. The influence of the P/Rh and substrate/catalyst ratios, temperature, and pressure on the process and the product composition was examined.

Bidentate ligands by self-assembly through hydrogen bonding: A general room temperature/ambient pressure regioselective hydroformylation of terminal alkenes

The 6-DPPon (1)/rhodium catalyst allows for the first time a room temperature/ambient pressure regioselective hydroformylation of terminal alkenes with low catalyst loadings in good activity. The generality of this catalyst under these conditions was demonstrated for a wide range of structurally diverse alkenes equipped with many important functional groups. Thus, this practical and highly selective hydroformylation protocol, which omits the need for special pressure equipment, should find wide application in organic synthesis.

Three-phase microemulsion/sol-gel system for aqueous catalytic hydroformylation of hydrophobie alkenes

We extended the three-phase transport methodology to the catalytic hydroformylation of alkenes. The method enables to carry out an all-hydrophobic reaction - substrate, product and catalyst - in water. The alkene is microemulsified in the aqueous medium and the solubilized substrate is assumed to be carried to an organometallic rhodium catalyst entrapped within a partially hydrophobicized silica sol-gel matrix. The substrate is then spilled into the porous heterogenized catalyst in which the hydroformylation takes place. The products formed are desorbed from the ceramic material and microemulsified by the same surfactant. Upon breaking of the microemulsion the products are separated. The heterogenized catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and be recycled. The hydroformylation process was carried out on various alkenes with reaction yields from ca. 62 to 99%. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.