27415-10-7Relevant articles and documents
Structure-Function Studies of Artemisia tridentata Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and Chrysanthemyl Diphosphate Synthase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Morphogenesis
Lee, J. Scott,Pan, Jian-Jung,Ramamoorthy, Gurusankar,Poulter, C. Dale
, p. 14556 - 14567 (2017/10/24)
The amino acid sequences of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPase) and chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CPPase) from Artemisia tridentata ssp. Spiciformis, minus their chloroplast targeting regions, are 71% identical and 90% similar. FPPase efficiently and selectively synthesizes the "regular" sesquiterpenoid farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by coupling isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and then to geranyl diphosphate (GPP). In contrast, CPPase is an inefficient promiscuous enzyme, which synthesizes the "irregular" monoterpenes chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP), lavandulyl diphosphate (LPP), and trace quantities of maconelliyl diphosphate (MPP) from two molecules of DMAPP, and couples IPP to DMAPP to give GPP. A. tridentata FPPase and CPPase belong to the chain elongation protein family (PF00348), a subgroup of the terpenoid synthase superfamily (CL0613) whose members have a characteristic α terpene synthase α-helical fold. The active sites of A. tridentata FPPase and CPPase are located within a six-helix bundle containing amino acids 53 to 241. The two enzymes were metamorphosed into one another by sequentially replacing the loops and helices of the six-helix bundle from enzyme with those from the other. Chain elongation was the dominant activity during the N-terminal to C-terminal metamorphosis of FPPase to CPPase, with product selectivity gradually switching from FPP to GPP, until replacement of the final α-helix, whereupon cyclopropanation and branching activity competed with chain elongation. During the corresponding metamorphosis of CPPase to FPPase, cyclopropanation and branching activities were lost upon replacement of the first helix in the six-helix bundle. Mutations of active site residues in CPPase to the corresponding amino acids in FPPase enhanced chain-elongation activity, while similar mutations in the active site of FPPase failed to significantly promote formation of significant amounts of irregular monoterpenes. Our results indicate that CPPase, a promiscuous enzyme, is more plastic toward acquiring new activities, whereas FPPase is more resistant. Mutations of residues outside of the α terpene synthase fold are important for acquisition of FPPase activity for synthesis of CPP, LPP, and MPP.
Calcium in Liquid Ammonia for the Reduction of Benzyl Ethers. Mechanistic Clues Derived from Chemoselectivity Studies
Hwu, Jih Ru,Chua, Vincent,Schroeder, Jean E.,Barrans, Richard E.,Khoudary, Kevin P.,et al.
, p. 4731 - 4733 (2007/10/02)
Extremely high selectivity was provided by calcium in liquid ammonia in the cleavage of the benzylic carbon-oxygen bond in benzyl ethers containing various other functionalities.Results of controlled experiments indicate that the selectivities offered by the Ca -> Ca+ + e- and the Ca+ -> Ca2+ + e- processes are 4.6 and 47 times greater, respectively, than that afforded by the Li -> Li+ + e- process.
Prenylation of isopentenyl derivatives with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol
Julia, M.,Schmitz, C.
, p. 630 - 636 (2007/10/02)
The synthesis of the regular terpene skeleton from the title compounds has been investigated, a variety of isopentenylethers proved very reactive.Similar prenylation of 3,3-dimethylallyl derivatives led to the irregular terpene skeleton.
