30125-65-6Relevant articles and documents
Fate and ecotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic environment
Okamura,Aoyama,Liu,Maguire,Pacepavicius,Lau
, p. 3523 - 3530 (2000)
Residue analyses and ecotoxicity assessment were conducted on the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) and its degradation product M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) in order to delineate the environmental fate and impact of Irgarol 1051 on the aquatic ecosystem. For the first time, the Irgarol degradation product (M1) was positively identified in environmental samples. During the 1998 Irgarol survey, concentrations of M1 (up to 1870 ng/l) were generally higher than those of Irgarol in the coastal waters of the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, suggesting a greater environmental persistence for M1 than for the parent compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic ecosystem. Ecotoxicity testing revealed that Irgarol 1051 and M1 were moderately toxic to a marine bacterium and the four crustaceans tested, but were highly toxic to some algae and higher plants. In the root elongation inhibition bioassay, M1 showed a phytotoxicity at least 10 times greater than that of Irgarol and six other triazine herbicides (terbutryn, terbutylazine, terbumeton, simetryn, atrazine and simazine). These results strongly suggest that both Irgarol 1051 and its persistent degradation product M1 may potentially affect and/or damage the primary producer community in aquatic ecosystems. To safeguard the aquatic ecosystem from the damaging impact of micro contaminants, it is recommended that, besides monitoring for the target parent compound, major degradation products should also be included in environmental surveys. Otherwise, there is a risk of underestimating the ultimate impact of a particular toxicant on the environment. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. Residue analyses and ecotoxicity assessment were conducted on the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) and its degradation product M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) in order to delineate the environmental fate and impact of Irgarol 1051 on the aquatic ecosystem. For the first time, the Irgarol degradation product (M1) was positively identified in environmental samples. During the 1998 Irgarol survey, concentrations of M1 (up to 1870 ng/l) were generally higher than those of Irgarol in the coastal waters of the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, suggesting a greater environmental persistence for M1 than for the parent compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic ecosystem. Ecotoxicity testing revealed that Irgarol 1051 and M1 were moderately toxic to a marine bacterium and the four crustaceans tested, but were highly toxic to some algae and higher plants. In the root elongation inhibition bioassay, M1 showed a phytotoxicity at least 10 times greater than that of Irgarol and six other triazine herbicides (terbutryn, terbutylazine, terbumeton, simetryn, atrazine and simazine). These results strongly suggest that both Irgarol 1051 and its persistent degradation product M1 may potentially affect and/or damage the primary producer community in aquatic ecosystems. To safeguard the aquatic ecosystem from the damaging impact of micro contaminants, it is recommended that, besides monitoring for the target parent compound, major degradation products should also be included in environmental surveys. Otherwise, there is a risk of underestimating the ultimate impact of a particular toxicant on the environment.
Integrated photocatalytic-biological treatment of triazine-containing pollutants
Chan, Cho Yin,Chan, Ho Shing,Wong, Po Keung
, p. 371 - 380 (2019/02/07)
The degradation of triazine-containing pollutants including simazine, Irgarol 1051 and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2G (K-2G) by photocatalytic treatment was investigated. The effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentration, initial pH of reaction mixture, irradiation time and ultraviolet (UV) intensity on photocatalytic treatment efficiency were examined. Complete decolorization of K-2G was observed at 60 min photodegradation while only 15 min were required to completely degrade simazine and Irgarol 1051 under respective optimized conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were employed to identify the photocatalytic degradation intermediates and products. Dealkylated intermediates of simazine, deisopropylatrazine and deethyldeisopropylatrazine, and Irgarol 1051 were detected by GC/MS in the initial phase of degradation. Complete mineralization could not be achieved for all triazine-containing pollutants even after prolonged (>72 h) UV irradiation due to the presence of a photocatalysis-resistant end product, cyanuric acid (CA). The toxicities of different compounds before and after photocatalytic treatment were also monitored by three bioassays. To further treat the photocatalysis-resistant end product, a CA-degrading bacterium was isolated from polluted marine sediment and further identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by comparing the substrate utilization pattern (Biolog microplate), fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. K. pneumoniae efficiently utilized CA from 1 to 2000 mg/L as a good nitrogen source and complete mineralization of CA was observed within 24 h of incubation. This study demonstrates that the biodegradability of triazine-containing pollutants was significantly improved by the photocatalytic pre-treatment, and this proposed photocatalytic-biological integrated system can effectively treat various classes of triazine-containing pollutants.
