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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis of (E)-α,β-unsaturated esters and (Z)-vinyl halides with total or high diastereoselectivity by using samarium metal

A highly diastereoselective β-elimination of 2-halo-3-hydroxy esters 1 or O-acetylated 1,1-dihaloalkan-2-ols 4 is achieved with samarium in the presence of diiodomethane, yielding α,β-unsaturated esters 2 or vinyl halides 5, respectively. The β-elimination reaction was promoted by samarium diiodide, which was generated in situ. The starting halohydrins 1 or 4 are easily prepared by reaction of the corresponding lithium enolates of α-halo esters or dihalomethyllithium with aldehydes at -78°C. The influence of the reaction conditions and the structure of the starting compounds on the diastereoselectivity of the β-elimination reactions is discussed, A comparative study of the β-elimination reaction with preformed SmI2 and metallic samarium is also performed. These elimination reactions can be explained by the proposed mechanism. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002).

Sequential elimination-reduction reactions promoted by samarium diiodide: Synthesis of 2,3-dideuterioesters or -amides

A facile and general sequential elimination/reduction process promoted by samarium diiodide provides an efficient method for synthesizing saturated esters or amides 3 from readily available starting materials. The reaction involves a β-elimination of the starting 2-halo-3-hydroxyesters or -amides 1 and subsequent 1,4-reduction of the obtained α,β-unsaturated esters or amides in the presence of H2O. When D2O is used instead of H2O, 2,3-dideuterioesters or -amides 4 are isolated. A mechanism is proposed to account for this synthesis.

Synthesis of (E)-a,β-unsaturated esters and amides with total selectivity using samarium diiodide

β-elimination of α-halo-β-hydroxyesters 1 was achieved by using samarium diiodide as a metalating reagent, and afforded di- and trisubstituted (E)-α,βunsaturated esters 2 with total steroselectivity. This method has also been extended to the corresponding disubstituted (E)-α,β-unsaturated amides.