3204-05-5

Upstream product

• 690-08-4 (E)-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 
• 762-63-0 cis-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Activation parameters for the epoxidation of substituted cis/trans pairs of 1,2-dialkylalkenes by dimethyldioxirane

The first activation parameter data for the reaction of dimethyldioxirane (1) with five cis/trans pairs of alkenes are reported. The epoxidation of cis-1,2-dialkylalkenes (2cis: R1 = Me, R2 = iPr; 3cis: R1 = Me, R2 = tBu; 4cis: R1 = R2 = Et; 5cis: R1 = Et, R2 = iPr; 6cis: R1 = Et, R2 = tBu) and trans-1,2-dialkylalkenes (2trans: R1 = Me, R2 = iPr; 3 trans: R1 = Me, R2 = tBu; 4trans: R1 = R2 = Et; 5trans: R1 = Et, R2 = iPr; 6trans: R1 = Et, R2 = tBu) by 1 produced the corresponding epoxides, quantitatively and stereospecifically, as the sole observable products. Activation parameters of the epoxidation of the five pairs of alkenes, 2cis-6cis and 2trans-6trans, by 1 were determined using the Arrhenius method. Enhanced selectivity for cis- vs. trans-alkene epoxidation was observed at lower temperatures. In general, the ΔG? terms were larger and showed more variability for the reaction of 1 with trans-alkenes as compared to those for the corresponding cis isomers. The ΔH? terms mirrored trends observed in ΔG ? because ΔS? terms for all ten of the compounds were roughly identical. The ΔΔG? values, a comparison of the trans to the cis isomer data, yielded positive values of 1.2 to 1.8 kcal/mol for the five sets of data and appeared to be dependent on relative steric interactions. The experimental activation parameter data, consistent with predictions from ab initio calculations based on a spiro transition-state model, showed that the lower reactivity of trans-alkenes is due to enthalpy factors. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006.

The Mechanism of Solvolysis of 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentyl and 1-(1-Adamantyl)propyl Sulfonates

Solvolysis rates, alpha and beta deuterium isotope rate effects and product yields have been determined for some 1-(1-adamantyl) propyl sulfonate esters, 4, in some ethanol-water, trifluoroethanol-water and hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol-water mixtures. For comparison, similar measurements have been made for solvolysis of 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl sulfonates, 5. For the esters 5, the alpha-d and beta-d2 effects vary little with solvent in the ranges of 1.164-1.165 and 1.215-1.241, respectively, and only small yields of unrearranged products are formed; it is concluded that the mechanism involves rate determining formation of the secondary cation-ion pair followed by rapid rearrangement. For the adamantyl analogs, 4, the alpha-d effects vary in the different solvents from 1.162 to 1.213 and the beta-d2 effects vary from 1.339 to 1.649; significant yields of unrearranged and Wagner-Meerwein rearranged (ring expansion) products are formed. The steady state treatment, which had been used previously to fit the results for 1-(1-adamantyl)ethyl esters, was applied to the results for 4; a mechanism which involves partially reversible ionization to the intimate ion-pair followed by competing elimination and solvent separation, to give the substitution products, fits the results reasonably well.

Epoxidation by Dimethyldioxirane: Electronic and Steric Effects

The reaction of dimethyldioxirane (1) with a series of di- and monosubstituted alkenes 2-17 produced the corresponding epoxides in high yield.A kinetic study of the epoxidation of 2-17 by 1 in dried acetone showed the reaction to be of the first order with respect to both alkene and dioxirane.For certain cis/trans-dialkylalkenes, the cis compounds were found to be of ca. 10-fold greater reactivity than the corresponding trans isomers.However, cis/trans pairs of alkenes with phenyl substituents were found to be of similar reactivity.A kinetic study on the reaction of a series of substituted styrenes yielded an excellent LFER with a ρ value of -0.90.Addition of water to dioxirane reactions in acetone increased the observed rates of epoxidation.However, a tertiary allylic alcohol was found to undergo epoxidation slower than expected.The mechanistic implications of the results are discussed.