3413-97-6

Usage

Physical appearance

Colorless solid 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid appears as a colorless solid, which means it does not have any color visible to the naked eye.

Solubility

Soluble in water 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid can dissolve in water, making it easy to work with in aqueous solutions.

Functional groups

Hydroxyl and carboxylic acid As a hydroxy acid, 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid contains both hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, which contribute to its chemical properties and reactivity.

Biological role

Metabolite in glucose metabolism In the human body, 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite that plays a role in the metabolism of glucose, which is the primary source of energy for cells.

Analytical use

Standard for quantification of other metabolites Due to its stability and well-characterized properties, 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid is used as a standard for the quantification of other metabolites in biological samples, such as in research and diagnostic applications.

Industrial applications

Potential use in medical and pharmaceutical industries The biological relevance and properties of 2,3-Dihydroxybutyric acid make it a promising candidate for use in the development of new medical and pharmaceutical products.

Upstream product

• 107-93-7 (E)-but-2-enoic acid 
• 7722-84-1 dihydrogen peroxide 
• 3724-65-0 2-butenoic acid 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 503-64-0 (Z)-but-2-enoic acid 

Downstream Products

• 37520-05-1 2-hydroxy-acetoacetic acid 
• 116-09-6 hydroxy-2-propanone 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

ARYLMETHYLENE HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS KV1.3 POTASSIUM SHAKER CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is described, wherein the substituents are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same and method of using the same are also described.

Synthesis of α,β- and β-Unsaturated Acids and Hydroxy Acids by Tandem Oxidation, Epoxidation, and Hydrolysis/Hydrogenation of Bioethanol Derivatives

We report a reaction platform for the synthesis of three different high-value specialty chemical building blocks starting from bio-ethanol, which might have an important impact in the implementation of biorefineries. First, oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde generates an aldehyde-containing stream active for the production of C4 aldehydes via base-catalyzed aldol-condensation. Then, the resulting C4 adduct is selectively converted into crotonic acid via catalytic aerobic oxidation (62 % yield). Using a sequential epoxidation and hydrogenation of crotonic acid leads to 29 % yield of β-hydroxy acid (3-hydroxybutanoic acid). By controlling the pH of the reaction media, it is possible to hydrolyze the oxirane moiety leading to 21 % yield of α,β-dihydroxy acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid). Crotonic acid, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid are archetypal specialty chemicals used in the synthesis of polyvinyl-co-unsaturated acids resins, pharmaceutics, and bio-degradable/ -compatible polymers, respectively.

Determination and evaluation of the second-order rate constants for the oxidation of maleic and fumaric acid derivatives with alkaline potassium permanganate

The second-order rate constants for the oxidation of maleic (Z-butenedioc) and fumaric (E-butenedioc) acid derivatives by potassium permanganate at pH 13 were determined. These constants varied by a factor of 104. The results suggested that the rates of attack of the permanganate ion on the double bonds were largely governed by steric factors with electrostatic and electronic effects playing only a minor role.

Homogeneous Aqueous Oxidation of Organic Molecules by OxoneR and Catalysis by a Water-Soluble Manganese Porphyrin Complex

Peroxymonosulfate (KHSO5) oxidizes a wide variety of water-soluble organic molecules in aqueous solutions, and the reactions are generally more rapid in phosphate buffer (pH 6-7) than in pure water.A water-soluble porphyrin complex, meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) chloride, catalyzes epoxidation and hydroxylation under neutral pH conditions.

ENZYMATIC ENANTIOSELECTIVE HYDROLYSIS OF 2,2-DIMETHYL-1,3-DIOXOLANE-4-CARBOXYLIC ESTERS

2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylic acid derived chiral building blocks were prepared from substituted α,β-unsaturated acids with high enantiomeric purities by enzymatic hydrolysis of their n.butyl esters.

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids by Methyltributylammonium Permanganate in Methylene Chloride Solutions

The product obtained when permanganate is reduced by unsaturated carboxylic acids under anhydrous conditions is manganese(III).The rate of reaction, which is subject to acid catalysis, exhibits a Hammet ρ value of 1.11 and inverse secondary isotope effects (kH/kD = 0.96-0.98) when the hydrogens on the double bond are replaced by deuterium.The involvement of a free-radical process is indicated by the formation of polymer during the oxidation of acrylic and methacrylic acids.The reaction is believed to be initiated by formation of an organometallic complex in which the double bond is a η2 ligand on manganese.Rearrangement of this complex results in the formation of a reactive manganate(V) cyclic diester, which undergoes a rapid (free-radical) reduction to manganese(III).