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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Dimethylisosorbide (DMI) as a Bio-Derived Solvent for Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions

Palladium-catalyzed bond-forming reactions, such as the ?-Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck reactions, are some of the most broadly utilized reactions within the chemical industry. These reactions frequently employ hazardous solvents; however, to adhere to increasing sustainability pressures and restrictions regarding the use of such solvents, alternatives are highly sought after. Here we demonstrate the utility of dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) as a bio-derived solvent in several benchmark Pd-catalyzed reactions: Suzuki-Miyaura (13 examples, 62-100% yield), Mizoroki-Heck (13 examples, 47-91% yield), and Sonogashira (12 examples, 65-98% yield).

Oxidative coupling of alkenes with amides using peroxides: Selective amide C(sp3)-H versus C(sp2)-H functionalization

A new oxidative coupling of unactivated terminal alkenes with amides using peroxides is described, in which mono- and difunctionalization of alkenes are selectively achieved. In this reaction with amides, the chemoselectivity toward the functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen atom or the functionalization of the carbonyl C(sp2)-H bonds across alkenes relies on the reaction conditions. This journal is

Mizoroki-Heck reactions catalyzed by palladium dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes under mild reaction conditions. the importance of ligand composition on the catalytic activity

Dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium with the general formula [(P{(NC5H10)3-n(C6H 11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n = 0-2) are easily accessible, cheap and air stable, highly active and universally applicable C-C cross-coupling catalysts, which exhibit an excellent functional group tolerance. The ligand composition of amine-substituted phosphines (controlled by the number of P-N bonds) was found to effectively determine their catalytic activity in the Heck reaction, for which nanoparticles were demonstrated to be their catalytically active form. While dichloro{bis[1, 1′,1′′-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium (1), the least stable complex (towards protons) within the series of [(P{(NC5H 10)3-n(C6H11)n}) 2Pd(Cl)2] (where n = 0-3), is a highly active Heck catalyst at 100 °C and, hence, a rare example of an effective and versatile Heck catalyst that efficiently operates under mild reaction conditions (100 °C or below), a significant successive drop in activity was noticed for dichloro-bis(1,1′-(cyclohexylphosphinediyl)dipiperidine)palladium (2, with n = 1), dichloro-bis(1-(dicyclohexylphosphinyl)piperidine)palladium (3, with n = 2) and dichloro-bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium (4, with n = 3), of which the latter is essentially inactive (at least under the reaction conditions applied). This trend was explained by the successively increasing complex stability and its ensuing retarding effect on the (water-induced) generation of palladium nanoparticles thereof. This interpretation was experimentally confirmed (initial reductions of 1-4 into palladium(0) complexes of the type [Pd(P{(NC5H10)3-n(C6H 11)n})2] (where n = 0-3) were excluded to be the reason for the activity difference observed as well as molecular (Pd 0/PdII) mechanisms were excluded to be operative) and thus demonstrates that the catalytic activity of dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium can-in reactions where nanoparticles are involved-effectively be controlled by the number of P-N bonds in the ligand system.

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of α,β-unsaturated acylamides via direct amidation from cinnamic acids and N-substituted formamides

A highly effective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated acylamides is reported for the first time via copper-catalyzed direct amidation between readily available cinnamic acids and N-substituted formamides. The protocol was easily accessible and practical.

Reactions of Lithio Trimethylsilyl Compounds with Nitrones

The reactions of lithio compounds, generated in situ from 2-pyridine (1), N,N-dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (2), and ethyl (trimethylsilyl)acetate (3) and LDA in THF, with various nitrones have been investigated.The lithio compounds of 1-3 reacted with α,N-diarylnitrones to give the corresponding (E)-alkenes together with azoxybenzene and/or azobenzene.On the other hand, the reaction of lithio derivative of 1 with α-aryl-N-alkylnitrones, α,N-dialkylnitrones, and cyclic nitrones afforded the aziridine compounds as the major products, accompanied by hydroxylamine derivatives in some cases.The lithio derivative of 2 or 3 reacted with α,N-dialkylnitrones and cyclic nitrones to give the aziridine and/or isoxazolidinone derivatives.The pathways for the formation of the above products are also described.

REACTIONS OF SILYL-SUBSTITUTED CARBANIONS WITH NITRONES

The reaction of carbanions, prepared from 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)pyridine or N,N-dimethyltrimethylsilylacetamide and lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran, with α-aryl-N-phenylnitrones afforded a mixture of corresponding (E)-alkene, azobenzene and azoxybenzene, respectively.On the other hand, the carbanions reacted with cyclic nitrones to give the corresponding aziridine and/or hydroxylamine derivatives as major products.