38284-11-6Relevant articles and documents
Stereoselective hydroxylation of isophorone by variants of the cytochromes P450 CYP102A1 and CYP101A1
Dezvarei, Shaghayegh,Lee, Joel H.Z.,Bell, Stephen G.
, p. 29 - 37 (2018/04/05)
The stereoselective oxidation of hydrocarbons is an area of research where enzyme biocatalysis can make a substantial impact. The cyclic ketone isophorone was stereoselectively hydroxylated (≥95%) by wild-type CYP102A1 to form (R)-4-hydroxyisophorone, an important chiral synthon and flavour and fragrance compound. CYP102A1 variants were also selective for 4-hydroxyisophorone formation and the product formation rate increased over the wild-type enzyme by up to 285-fold, with the best mutants being R47L/Y51F/I401P and A74G/F87V/L188Q. The latter variant, which contained mutations in the distal substrate binding pocket, was marginally less selective. Combining perfluorodecanoic acid decoy molecules with the rate accelerating variant R47L/Y51F/I401P engendered further improvement with the purified enzymes. However when the decoy molecules were used with A74G/F87V/L188Q the amount of product generated by the enzyme was reduced. Addition of decoy molecules to whole-cell turnovers did not improve the productivity of these CYP102A1 systems. WT CYP101A1 formed significant levels of 7-hydroxyisophorone as a minor product alongside 4-hydroxyisophorone. However the F87W/Y96F/L244A/V247L CYP101A1 mutant was ≥98% selective for (R)-4-hydroxyisophorone. A comparison of the two enzyme systems using whole-cell oxidation reactions showed that the best CYP101A1 variant was able to generate more product. We also characterised that the further oxidation metabolite 4-ketoisophorone was produced and then subsequently reduced to levodione by an endogenous Escherichia coli ene reductase.
Indium-promoted chemo- and diastereoselective allylation of α,β-epoxy ketones with potassium allyltrifluoroborate
Nowrouzi, Farhad,Janetzko, John,Batey, Robert A.
supporting information; experimental part, p. 5490 - 5493 (2011/02/27)
A practical method for the chemo- and diastereoselective allylation of α,β-epoxy ketones has been developed by using the convenient air and moisture stable reagent potassium allyltrifluoroborate. Indium metal was found to promote addition in stoichiometric or catalytic amounts, to afford α,β-epoxyhomoallylic tertiary alcohols in high yields and diastereoselectivities, without competing ring-scission of the epoxide.
Technische Verfahren zur Synthese von Carotinoiden und verwandten Verbindungen aus 6-Oxo-isophoron. II. Ein neues Konzept fuer die Synthese von (3RS,3'RS)-Astaxanthin
Widmer, Erich,Zell, Reinhard,Broger, Emil Albin,Crameri, Yvo,Wagner, Hans Peter,et al.
, p. 2436 - 2446 (2007/10/02)
Starting from 6-oxo-isophorone (2) a new concept for a seven-step synthesis of (3RS,3'RS)-astaxanthin (1) has been developed.As a key feature of the new approach, the oxidation state of astaxanthin (1) is adjusted already at an early stage of the synthesis.Thus, manipulation on more complex intermediates later in the synthesis is reduced to a minimum.Acetonide 10 or dimer 13 represent the key intermediates of this concept (Scheme 2).The whole sequence has been run on a kg scale with an overall yield of 52percent (s.Scheme 5).
