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41661-47-6

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41661-47-6 Usage

Description

4-Piperidinone is a derivative of piperidine with the molecular formula C5H9NO. 4-Piperidone is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs.Piperidones are a class of chemical compounds sharing the piperidone skeleton. A classic named reaction for the synthesis of piperidones is the Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis which involves combining an alkyl-1,3-acetonedicarboxylate with benzaldehyde and an amine. This multicomponent reaction is related to the Hantzsch pyridine synthesis.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 41661-47-6 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 4,1,6,6 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 7 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 41661-47:
(7*4)+(6*1)+(5*6)+(4*6)+(3*1)+(2*4)+(1*7)=106
106 % 10 = 6
So 41661-47-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C5H9NO/c7-5-1-3-6-4-2-5/h6H,1-4H2

41661-47-6Synthetic route

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one
79099-07-3

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With trifluoroacetic acid In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 3h;100%
With trifluoroacetic acid In dichloromethane at 20℃;100%
With trifluoroacetic acid In dichloromethane
With trifluoroacetic acid In 1,2-dichloro-ethane
With hydrogenchloride In 1,4-dioxane at 20℃; for 4h;6.5 g
benzyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate
19099-93-5

benzyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; palladium diacetate; pyrographite In tetrahydrofuran; methanol at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h;99%
4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid prop-2-ynyl ester
797751-17-8

4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid prop-2-ynyl ester

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 2h;97%
1-((2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)piperidin-4-one
267666-09-1

1-((2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)piperidin-4-one

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With polystyrene-thiophenol; caesium carbonate; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 24h;94%
ethene
74-85-1

ethene

methyl 3-aminopropanoate
4138-35-6

methyl 3-aminopropanoate

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: ethene; methyl 3-aminopropanoate With sodium ethanolate In ethanol at 5℃;
Stage #2: In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 2h; Concentration; Temperature;
93.7%
N-ethoxycarbonyl-4-piperidone
29976-53-2

N-ethoxycarbonyl-4-piperidone

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In water at 100℃; for 10h;90.7%
1-phenylmethyl-4-piperidone
3612-20-2

1-phenylmethyl-4-piperidone

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen; palladium dihydroxide; palladium on activated charcoal In tetrahydrofuran; water; isopropyl alcohol for 6h;90%
With palladium on activated charcoal; ammonium formate In methanol for 0.5h; Reflux;86%
With Pd/C; hydrogen In ethanol
formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

acetone
67-64-1

acetone

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonia at 60 - 70℃; Green chemistry;68%
4-methoxy-7-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazol-2-yl-amine
383865-57-4

4-methoxy-7-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazol-2-yl-amine

A

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

B

4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-methoxy-7-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-amide

4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-methoxy-7-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-amide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
A n/a
B 38%
4-methoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine

4-methoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride
4-phenoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine
75571-24-3

4-phenoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride
3,3'-imino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester
3518-88-5

3,3'-imino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium; xylene Erhitzen des entstandenen Piperidon-(4)-carbonsaeure-(3)-aethylesters mit Salzsaeure;
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1: potassium carbonate / water / 1.5 h / 0 - 20 °C
2: sodium / ethanol; toluene / 48 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere
3: hydrogenchloride / water; ethanol / 7 h / 83 - 85 °C
4: hydrogenchloride / water / 10 h / 100 °C
View Scheme
1-acetyl-4-oxo-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
4451-85-8

1-acetyl-4-oxo-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; water
ethyl 1-benzoyl-4-oxo-3-piperidinecarboxylate
4451-86-9

ethyl 1-benzoyl-4-oxo-3-piperidinecarboxylate

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

C5H9(2)H2NO2

C5H9(2)H2NO2

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water-d2 at 34℃; Equilibrium constant;
C8H13(2)H2NO3S

C8H13(2)H2NO3S

A

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

B

3-mercaptopropanoic acid-d2
95193-08-1

3-mercaptopropanoic acid-d2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In water-d2 at 34℃; Equilibrium constant; pH 2.5-3.3;
4-oxy-piperidine

4-oxy-piperidine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With chromium(VI) oxide; acetic acid
di(2-carboxyethyl)amine
505-47-5

di(2-carboxyethyl)amine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: HCl
2: sodium; xylene / Erhitzen des entstandenen Piperidon-(4)-carbonsaeure-(3)-aethylesters mit Salzsaeure
View Scheme
4-Chloropyridine
626-61-9

4-Chloropyridine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: water / 150 °C
2: sodium; alcohol
3: hydrochloric acid
View Scheme
4-methoxypyridine
620-08-6

4-methoxypyridine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium; alcohol
2: hydrochloric acid
View Scheme
4-phenoxypyridine
4783-86-2

4-phenoxypyridine

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium; alcohol
2: hydrochloric acid
View Scheme
3,3'-benzoylimino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester
101599-56-8

3,3'-benzoylimino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: NaH; ethanol; benzene
View Scheme
3,3'-acetylimino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester
854677-97-7

3,3'-acetylimino-di-propionic acid diethyl ester

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium; ethanol; xylene
2: water; hydrochloric acid
View Scheme
4-piperidone hydrochloride
41979-39-9

4-piperidone hydrochloride

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With MP-carbonate resin In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; not specified; Product distribution / selectivity;
ethyl 4-piperidone-3-carboxylate hydrochloride
4644-61-5

ethyl 4-piperidone-3-carboxylate hydrochloride

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium hydroxide
piperidin-4-one hydrochloride monohydrate

piperidin-4-one hydrochloride monohydrate

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With magnesium sulfate; sodium hydroxide In dichloromethane
4-HYDROXYPIPERIDINE
5382-16-1

4-HYDROXYPIPERIDINE

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen In acetonitrile at 70℃; for 2.5h; Catalytic behavior; chemoselective reaction;75 %Chromat.
Ethyl N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(2-ethoxycarbonylethylamino)-propionate
83783-66-8

Ethyl N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(2-ethoxycarbonylethylamino)-propionate

piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: sodium / ethanol; toluene / 48 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere
2: hydrogenchloride / water; ethanol / 7 h / 83 - 85 °C
3: hydrogenchloride / water / 10 h / 100 °C
View Scheme
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline
6025-60-1

2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline

5'H-spiro[piperidine-4,4'-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline]
59474-46-3

5'H-spiro[piperidine-4,4'-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline]

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With maleic acid In ethanol for 1h; Heating;100%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-methoxy-phenyl-sulphonyl chloride
98-68-0

4-methoxy-phenyl-sulphonyl chloride

1-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-4-piperidone
196085-08-2

1-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-4-piperidone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pyridine at 20℃; for 18h;100%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

methyl iodide
74-88-4

methyl iodide

N-methyl-4-piperidone hydroiodide
142742-59-4

N-methyl-4-piperidone hydroiodide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetone Ambient temperature;98%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

vanillin
121-33-5

vanillin

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)piperidin-4-one hydrochloride

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)piperidin-4-one hydrochloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; acetic acid at 25 - 30℃; for 2h;98%
With hydrogenchloride In acetic acid at 25 - 30℃; for 2h;98%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
1620-98-0

3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

3,5-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenz-(E)-ylidene)-4-piperidone hydrochloride

3,5-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenz-(E)-ylidene)-4-piperidone hydrochloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; acetic acid at 25 - 30℃; for 2h;98%
With hydrogenchloride In acetic acid at 25 - 30℃; for 2h;98%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

methyl 6-bromohexanoate
14273-90-6

methyl 6-bromohexanoate

C12H21NO3

C12H21NO3

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate; potassium iodide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 36h; Inert atmosphere;98%
With potassium carbonate; potassium iodide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 36h; Inert atmosphere;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

2-iodo-propane
75-30-9

2-iodo-propane

1-Isopropyl-4-piperidone
5355-68-0

1-Isopropyl-4-piperidone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With caesium carbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 40℃; for 8h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;97.2%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

benzyl chloroformate
501-53-1

benzyl chloroformate

benzyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate
19099-93-5

benzyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: piperidin-4-one With sodium hydroxide In water; toluene at 0℃; Cooling;
Stage #2: benzyl chloroformate In water; toluene at 20℃; for 2h;
97%
With triethylamine In dichloromethane for 0.5h; Ambient temperature;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-methyl-benzaldehyde
104-87-0

4-methyl-benzaldehyde

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4-methylbenzylidene)piperidin-4-one
1009817-60-0

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4-methylbenzylidene)piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium perchlorate; diethylamine at 20℃;96%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-methoxy-benzaldehyde
123-11-5

4-methoxy-benzaldehyde

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4′-methoxybenzylidene)-piperidin-4-one
919091-64-8

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4′-methoxybenzylidene)-piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium perchlorate; diethylamine at 20℃;96%
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol; water at 5 - 8℃; Aldol Condensation;11.1%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

epichlorohydrin
106-89-8

epichlorohydrin

A

C8H13NO2
1310417-72-1

C8H13NO2

B

1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)piperidin-4-one
1425504-48-8

1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 20℃; for 1h; Solvent;A 13%
B 96%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

tert-butyl (3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl) carbonate

tert-butyl (3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl) carbonate

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one
79099-07-3

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol for 1h; Reflux;96%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

di-tert-butyl dicarbonate
24424-99-5

di-tert-butyl dicarbonate

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one
79099-07-3

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With triethylamine In methanol; dichloromethane at 0 - 25℃; for 12h; Inert atmosphere;95%
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 16h;86%
With sodium hydroxide In tetrahydrofuran for 2h; Ambient temperature;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-hydrazinobenzene-1-sulfonamide hydrochloride
17852-52-7, 27918-19-0

4-hydrazinobenzene-1-sulfonamide hydrochloride

4-piperidinone 4-sulfamoylphenylhydrazone

4-piperidinone 4-sulfamoylphenylhydrazone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol for 3h; Heating;95%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-(methylsulfonyl)phenylhydrazine hydrochloride
17852-67-4

4-(methylsulfonyl)phenylhydrazine hydrochloride

4-piperidinone 4-methanesulfonylphenylhydrazone monohydrochloride

4-piperidinone 4-methanesulfonylphenylhydrazone monohydrochloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol for 2h; Heating;95%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

benzaldehyde
100-52-7

benzaldehyde

3,5-dibenzylidenepiperidin-4-one
132766-61-1, 145888-81-9

3,5-dibenzylidenepiperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium perchlorate; diethylamine at 20℃;95%
With potassium hydroxide In water at 20℃; for 24h; Aldol Condensation;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

3-oxo-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propionitrile
14227-95-3

3-oxo-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propionitrile

(2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethanone
1099600-09-5

(2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-1-ylmethanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfur; diethylamine In ethanol at 20℃;95%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

chloroform
67-66-3

chloroform

1-formyl-4-piperidone
383193-66-6

1-formyl-4-piperidone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium ethanolate at 50℃; Riemer-Tiemann reaction; Inert atmosphere;95%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

2-Trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde
447-61-0

2-Trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde

N-3,5-bis-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-one

N-3,5-bis-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol at 8℃; for 12h;95%
In ethanol
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

6-chloro-2-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid
137129-98-7

6-chloro-2-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid

1-(6-chloro-2-methylpyridine-3-carbonyl)piperidin-4-one

1-(6-chloro-2-methylpyridine-3-carbonyl)piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With N-[(dimethylamino)-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-ylmethylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate N-oxide; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;95%
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; N-[(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere;81%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

propynoic acid methyl ester
922-67-8

propynoic acid methyl ester

diphenyldisulfane
882-33-7

diphenyldisulfane

C15H17NO3S

C15H17NO3S

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With iodine; potassium carbonate In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 4h; regioselective reaction;95%
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

4-chlorobenzaldehyde
104-88-1

4-chlorobenzaldehyde

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4-chlorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone
919091-60-4

(3E,5E)-3,5-bis(4-chlorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lithium perchlorate; diethylamine at 20℃;94%
With potassium hydroxide In water at 20℃; for 24h; Aldol Condensation;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

ethyl 2-cyanoacetate
105-56-6

ethyl 2-cyanoacetate

ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate
24237-44-3

ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfur; triethylamine In water at 20℃; for 2h; Gewald Aminoheterocycles Synthesis;94%
With morpholine; sulfur In ethanol at 50℃;
With morpholine; sulfur In ethanol for 6h; Gewald reaction; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;
With morpholine; octasulfur In ethanol at 20℃; for 24h;
With sulfur; triethylamine In ethanol for 12h; Gewald Aminoheterocycles Synthesis; Reflux;
piperidin-4-one
41661-47-6

piperidin-4-one

2-(6-(3-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)indolin-2-yl)acetic acid

2-(6-(3-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)indolin-2-yl)acetic acid

1-(2-(6-(3-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)indolin-2-yl)acetyl)piperidin-4-one

1-(2-(6-(3-(difluoromethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)indolin-2-yl)acetyl)piperidin-4-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; HATU In dichloromethane at 30℃;94%

41661-47-6Relevant articles and documents

-

Kucherova et al.

, (1973)

-

TEAD INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF

-

Paragraph 00465; 00813, (2020/12/11)

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

Synthesis method of intermediate 4-piperidone

-

Paragraph 0022-0056, (2019/12/02)

The invention discloses a synthesis method of an intermediate 4-piperidone. The method comprises the following steps: adding beta-alanine methyl ester into ethanol, placing the raw material into a reaction kettle, adding ethylene, uniformly mixing the raw materials, cooling the raw materials to 0-10 DEG C, adding a catalyst aid and sodium ethoxide, stirring the raw materials for reaction, and cooling a reaction product to room temperature after the reaction is finished; and performing reduced pressure distillation to remove ethanol; adding DMF into a reaction kettle, uniformly stirring and mixing the components, heating the mixture to 110-130 DEG C, and carrying out reflux reaction under a stirring condition for 1-2 hours; cooling the reaction product to room temperature, extracting the reaction product with ethyl acetate, performing evaporation to remove ethyl acetate, and carrying out reduced pressure distillation to obtain the 4-piperidone. The synthesis method disclosed by the invention adopts a one-pot method, does not need an intermediate purification step, reduces resource waste, is simple to operate, short in production process, high in raw material conversion rate and relatively low in production cost, and has relatively high economic benefits.