437701-79-6

Usage

Uses

There is no information provided on the uses of 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'-nonabde in the materials. However, it is important to note that PBDEs are known to have adverse effects on human health and the environment, and efforts are being made to reduce their production and use.

Upstream product

• 1163-19-5 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether 
• 101-84-8 diphenylether 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Photoreductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by pyruvate

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have aroused highly environmental concerns because of their toxicity and ubiquitousness in the biological and environmental system. Here, we report that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) undergoes efficient reductive debromination reaction by pyruvate under UV irradiation (>360 nm). The photoreductive degradation kinetics of BDE209 has been further investigated under different reaction conditions. The debromination reactions occur in a stepwise process, producing a series of lower brominated congeners. The debromination shows unconspicuous position-selective property. The possible photoreductive mechanism has been proposed by UV-vis and kinetic isotope effect (KIE). This study not only provides a potential application of removal of PBDEs contaminations but also provides some information for the fate of PBDEs in environment.

Rapid, photocatalytic, and deep debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on Pd-TiO2: Intermediates and pathways

Titanium dioxide with surface-loaded palladium (Pd-TiO2) was able to easily remove all ten bromine atoms from decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) within 1 h under the irradiation of sunlight or an artificial light source. By contrast, fewer than three bromine atoms were eliminated on the pristine TiO2 even with prolonged irradiation (5 h). During the photocatalytic debromination, moreover, the formed BDE intermediates exhibited a significant difference between the Pd-TiO2 and pristine TiO 2 systems, and much less position selectivity for the debromination on Pd-TiO2 was observed than that on the pristine TiO2 surface. For another polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE15), pristine TiO 2 was incapable of its photocatalytic reduction, whereas the loading of Pd enabled its debromination to diphenyl ether within 20 min. In addition, an evident induction period appeared in the photocatalytic debromination of BDE15 on Pd-TiO2. The experiments imply that the Pd-cocatalyzed effect changes significantly the photocatalytic reductive debromination pathways.

Residues of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in honeys from different geographic regions

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame-retardants. Fifty honey samples labeled as being from different countries and regions were analyzed for 27 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of the 26 PBDEs, excluding BDE-209, ranged from 300 to 10,550 pg/g while the concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from nondetected to 9,260 pg/g. The honey samples labeled as originating In developed countries generally displayed higher concentrations of the total 27 PBDEs than those labeled as being from developing countries. Concentrations of 26 PBDEs ranged from 2,720 to 10,550 pg/g in honeys originating in developed countries and ranged from 1,030 to 3,470 pg/g in those from developing countries. BDE-209 was a dominant PBDE congener in all honey samples, on average accounting for 16% and 65% of the total 27 PBDEs in honeys from developed and developing countries, respectively. Honeys originating in developing countries, however, showed much higher BDE-209 levels and higher ratios of BDE-209 relative to the other PBDE congeners. In addition, some highly brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE196, -197, -206, and -207 showed elevated concentrations in honeys from developing countries. The findings were in agreement with the long, heavy historical uses of PBDE products in developed countries and the current, heavy uses of BDE-209 in developing countries. When BDE-209 was fortified in honey and incubated in the dark for four weeks at 25 or 60 °C, BDE-153, -183, -206, and -207 were detected as debromination products of BDE-209. Less brominated congeners in honeys may primarily come from the environment. Debromination of BDE-209 is also a source of less brominated congeners in honeys. The detection of PBDEs in honeys suggests that human exposure to PBDEs occurs as a result of honey consumption. 2010 American Chemical Society.

PREPARATION OF DECAHALODIPHENYL OXIDE

This invention provides a process of preparing reaction-derived decahalodiphenyl oxide of high purity. The process comprises cofeeding separate feeds of (a) diphenyl oxide and/or partially brominated diphenyl oxide and (b) bromine chloride, bromine chloride and bromine, or bromine chloride and chlorine to a refluxing reaction mixture comprising bromine and at least one Lewis acid bromination catalyst so that high purity decahalodiphenyl oxide is formed.

PREPARATION OF HIGH ASSAY DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE

Process technology for producing very pure reaction-derived decabromodiphenyl oxide is described. Diphenyl oxide or partially brominated diphenyl oxide or a mixture of either or both of these is fed substantially continuously over a period of about 2 to about 12 hours into a reactor containing an excess of refluxing bromine containing Lewis acid bromination catalyst, and substantially concurrently reducing the content of hydrogen bromide present in the reactor whereby a decabromodiphenyl oxide product having a purity of over 99%, preferably 99.5% or more, is formed in the reactor.

Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water

The photochemical degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) with different degrees of bromination was studied. The photochemical degradation of 15 individual PBDE substituted with 4-10 bromine atoms was studied in methanol/water (8:2) by UV light in the sunlight region. Nine of these were also studied in pure methanol, and four of the nine PBDE were studied in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The reaction rate was dependent on the solvent in such a way that the reaction rate in a methanol/watersolution was consistently ～ 1.7 times lower than in pure methanol and 2-3 times lower than in THF. The quantum yields in the methanol/water solution ranged from 0.1 to 0.3. Photolysis of BDE-209 in methanol/water (80:20) produced decomposition products of lower PBDE and polybrominated dibenzofurans. Photolysis of decaBDE in methanol/water, pure methanol, THF, and water containing dissolved humanic substances gave rise to an almost identical set of products, although in the latter experiment, a higher proportion of pentaBDF was observed.