490-80-2

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoate is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. Its ability to form conjugate bases at physiological pH makes it a versatile building block for the development of new drugs with potential applications in treating various diseases.
Used in Chemical Industry:
In the chemical industry, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate is used as a starting material for the production of various organic compounds, such as dyes, pigments, and polymers. Its unique chemical structure allows for the creation of a wide range of products with different properties and applications.
Used in Cosmetics Industry:
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoate is used as a preservative and antioxidant in the cosmetics industry. Its ability to form stable conjugate bases at pH 7.3 makes it an effective agent for preventing the growth of microorganisms and oxidation in cosmetic products, thus extending their shelf life and maintaining their quality.
Used in Food Industry:
In the food industry, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate is used as an additive for its preservative and antioxidant properties. It helps to extend the shelf life of food products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as preventing the oxidation of fats and oils, which can lead to rancidity and spoilage.
Used in Environmental Applications:
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoate can be used in environmental applications, such as the treatment of wastewater and the removal of pollutants from the environment. Its ability to form complexes with various metal ions and other contaminants makes it a potential candidate for use in water purification and pollution control processes.

Upstream product

• 10476-50-3 3-hydroxybenzoate 
• 490-79-9 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of [bmim][Sal] third generation ionic liquids: Effect of water matrices and intermediates identification

Unique properties of ionic liquids make them green alternatives for conventional volatile organic compounds. Due to increased production and the high stability of these substances, they could be classified as persistent pollutants and could break through classical treatment systems into natural waters. A preliminary ionic liquid hydrolysis study demonstrated a pH dependent degradation profile with a significant decrease in hydrolysis efficiency as pH lowered from 10.0 to 2.8. In order to examine future prospects for ionic liquid removal, different advanced oxidation processes (TiO2 Degussa P25/H2O2, TiO2 Degussa P25, 7.2Fe/TiO2/H2O2, and H2O2) were studied for their applicability in the degradation of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in aqueous solution. These processes were conducted in the dark as well as in the presence of UVA and simulated sunlight (SS) radiation. Among the investigated dark processes, the 7.2Fe/TiO2/H2O2 system showed the highest efficiency, which can be attributed to a dark heterogeneous Fenton process. Otherwise, the most efficient among all the studied degradation processes was the UVA/TiO2 Degussa P25/H2O2 process. In order to make degradation processes more similar to that of the practical process SS radiation was used. Among studied processes, the 7.2Fe/TiO2/H2O2 system showed the greatest potential for the removal of ionic liquids. Also, it was observed that the impact of anions on the cation degradation efficiency was much more pronounced. Due to the possible fate of ionic liquids in the environment, for five different waters (pond, rain, tap, river, and condensate) degradations in the dark and under simulated sunlight were studied. For all processes, and all water types in the presence of SS radiation a remarkable positive effect of naturally dissolved organic matter on the degradation efficiency was observed. Also, in all experiments, the anion was less stable than the cation. The major photodegradation products identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) techniques were hydroxylated compounds.

Immobilization of 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase onto functionalized electrospun polycaprolactone ultrafine fibers: A novel heterogeneous catalyst

3-Hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase (3HB6H), an enzyme that catalyzes regiospecific para-hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, was successfully immobilized onto electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) ultrafine fibers (424 ± 99 nm in diameter). The fibers were fabricated from 13% w/w PCL (MW ～8 × 104 g/mol) dissolved in a mixed solvent of formic acid (25% v/v) and acetic acid (75% v/v) at an applied voltage of 16 kV and a fiber collection distance of 12.5 cm. Before being immobilized with 3HB6H, the surface of electrospun PCL fibers was functionalized by reacting with ethylenediamine activated with 5% v/v glutaraldehyde using aluminum sulfate as a catalyst. Effects of the immobilization process on pH tolerance and thermal stability of 3HB6H were investigated. Results indicated that 3HB6H immobilized onto PCL fibers could tolerate the changes in temperature and pH better than the free enzyme could. Therefore, the 3HB6H-immobilized PCL fibers are potentially useful as a heterogeneous catalyst under the conditions in which free 3HB6H could not endure.

Excited-state proton-coupled electron transfer within ion pairs

The use of light to drive proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions has received growing interest, with recent focus on the direct use of excited states in PCET reactions (ES-PCET). Electrostatic ion pairs provide a scaffold to reduce reaction orders and have facilitated many discoveries in electron-transfer chemistry. Their use, however, has not translated to PCET. Herein, we show that ion pairs, formed solely through electrostatic interactions, provide a general, facile means to study an ES-PCET mechanism. These ion pairs formed readily between salicylate anions and tetracationic ruthenium complexes in acetonitrile solution. Upon light excitation, quenching of the ruthenium excited state occurred through ES-PCET oxidation of salicylate within the ion pair. Transient absorption spectroscopy identified the reduced ruthenium complex and oxidized salicylate radical as the primary photoproducts of this reaction. The reduced reaction order due to ion pairing allowed the first-order PCET rate constants to be directly measured through nanosecond photoluminescence spectroscopy. These PCET rate constants saturated at larger driving forces consistent with approaching the Marcus barrierless region. Surprisingly, a proton-transfer tautomer of salicylate, with the proton localized on the carboxylate functional group, was present in acetonitrile. A pre-equilibrium model based on this tautomerization provided non-adiabatic electron-transfer rate constants that were well described by Marcus theory. Electrostatic ion pairs were critical to our ability to investigate this PCET mechanism without the need to covalently link the donor and acceptor or introduce specific hydrogen bonding sites that could compete in alternate PCET pathways.

Flavoenzyme-mediated Regioselective Aromatic Hydroxylation with Coenzyme Biomimetics

Regioselective aromatic hydroxylation is desirable for the production of valuable compounds. External flavin-containing monooxygenases activate and selectively incorporate an oxygen atom in phenolic compounds through flavin reduction by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme, and subsequent reaction with molecular oxygen. This study provides the proof of principle of flavoenzyme-catalyzed selective aromatic hydroxylation with coenzyme biomimetics. The carbamoylmethyl-substituted biomimetic in particular affords full conversion in less than two hours for the selective hydroxylation of 5 mM 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoates, displaying similar rates as with NADH, achieving a 10 mM/h enzymatic conversion of the medicinal product gentisate. This biomimetic appears to generate less uncoupling of hydroxylation that typically leads to undesired hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, we show these flavoenzymes have the potential to be applied in combination with biomimetics.