53439-93-3

Upstream product

• 1460-57-7 trans-1,2-cyclohexandiol 
• 1792-81-0 cis-1,2-cyclohexane 
• 4065-80-9 2-methylenecyclohexanol 
• 147168-86-3 (2R,4R,7R)-2,4-Dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-spiro[5.5]undecan-7-ol 
• 931-57-7 1-methoxy-cyclohex-1-ene 
• 108-94-1 cyclohexanone 
• 627106-80-3 (7β,11β)-3,3-dimethyl-7,11-diphenyl-2,4-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane-1,5,9-trione 
• 14161-46-7 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl acetate 
• 586-96-9 Nitrosobenzene 
• 533-60-8 cyclohexanone-2-ol 
• 1161819-40-4 (R)-2-(2-tolylaminooxy)cyclohexanone 
• 58101-72-7 C₈H₁₅ClOSi 
• 1638623-52-5 (cyclohex-1-en-1-yloxy)dimethylsilanol 
• 286-20-4 cyclohexane-1,2-epoxide 

Downstream Products

• 1792-81-0 cis-1,2-cyclohexane 
• 1072-86-2 (1R,2R)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol 
• 57794-08-8 (1S,2S)-trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Site-Selective and Product Chemoselective Aliphatic C-H Bond Hydroxylation of Polyhydroxylated Substrates

Site-selective and product chemoselective aliphatic C-H bond oxidation of 1,2-diols and of polyhydroxylated substrates using iron and manganese catalysts and hydrogen peroxide as terminal oxidant is described. The reaction capitalizes on the use of fluorinated alcohol solvents such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), which exert a strong polarity reversal in the hydroxyl moieties of 1,2-diols via hydrogen bonding, in turn translating into a strong deactivation of proximal C-H bonds against a HAT initiated oxidation by the putative high-valent and electrophilic metal-oxo species. As a result, site-selective and product chemoselective oxidation of complex polyfunctional molecules such as steroids, sugars, and pharmaceuticals is described, where exclusive or predominant C-H bond hydroxylation at a remote and nonactivated site takes place. The current report discloses HAT initiated hydroxylations in fluorinated alcohol solvents as methods displaying orthogonal chemoselectivity to contemporary alcohol oxidations providing a useful tool for synthetic planning in densely functionalized molecules.

SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF CHIRAL SUBSTITUTED POLYVINYLPYRROLIDINONES

Chiral polyvinylpyrrolidinone (CSPVP), complexes of CSPVP with a core species, such as a metallic nanocluster catalyst, and enantioselective oxidation reactions utilizing such complexes are disclosed. The CSPVP complexes can be used in asymmetric oxidation of diols, enantioselective oxidation of alkenes, and carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, for example. The CSPVP can also be complexed with biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, and used as nanocarriers for siRNA or dsRNA delivery.

One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Cyclic Vicinal Diols from Aliphatic Dialdehydes via Intramolecular C?C Bond Formation and Carbonyl Reduction Using Pyruvate Decarboxylases and Alcohol Dehydrogenases

An enzymatic cascade reaction was developed for one-pot enantioselective conversion of aliphatic dialdehydes to chiral vicinal diols using pyruvate decarboxylases (PDCs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs). The PDCs showed promiscuity in catalysing the cyclization of aliphatic dialdehydes through intramolecular stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation. Consequently, 1,2-cyclopentanediols in three different stereoisomeric forms and 1,2-cyclohexanediols in two different stereoisomeric forms could be prepared with high conversion and stereoisomeric ratio from the respective initial substrates, glutaraldehyde and adipaldehyde. These cascade reactions represent a promising approach to the biocatalytic synthesis of important chiral vicinal diols. (Figure presented.).

Chiral-Substituted Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidinones and Bimetallic Nanoclusters in Catalytic Asymmetric Oxidation Reactions

A new class of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidinones containing an asymmetric center at C5 of the pyrrolidinone ring were synthesized from l-amino acids. The polymers, particularly 17, were used to stabilize nanoclusters such as Pd/Au for the catalytic asymmetric oxidations of 1,3- and 1,2-cycloalkanediols and alkenes, and Cu/Au was used for C-H oxidation of cycloalkanes. It was found that the bulkier the C5 substituent in the pyrrolidinone ring, the greater the optical yields produced. Both oxidative kinetic resolution of (±)-1,3- and 1,2-trans-cycloalkanediols and desymmetrization of meso cis-diols took place with 0.15 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-17 under oxygen atmosphere in water to give excellent chemical and optical yields of (S)-hydroxy ketones. Various alkenes were oxidized with 0.5 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-17 under 30 psi of oxygen in water to give the dihydroxylated products in >93% ee. Oxidation of (R)-limonene at 25 °C occurred at the C-1,2-cyclic alkene function yielding (1S,2R,4R)-dihydroxylimonene 49 in 92% yield. Importantly, cycloalkanes were oxidized with 1 mol % Cu/Au (3:1)-17 and 30% H2O2 in acetonitrile to afford chiral ketones in very good to excellent chemical and optical yields. Alkene function was not oxidized under the reaction conditions. Mechanisms were proposed for the oxidation reactions, and observed stereo- and regio-chemistry were summarized.

Regio- and enantioselective reduction of diketones: Preparation of enantiomerically pure hydroxy ketones catalysed by Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330

Enantiomerically enriched hydroxy ketones were prepared by the reduction of the corresponding diketones with excellent enantiomeric excess (98%) and in good yields (up to 75%) using whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. Cyclic diketones, such as 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 1,4-cyclohexanedione, resulted in hydroxy ketones as products. Cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione gave dimerised products, such as 2,2′-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(3-hydroxycyclohex-2-enone) and 2,2′-(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enone) with acetaldehyde generated in situ from whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330, which is reported here for the first time.

Enantioselective Cascade Biocatalysis via Epoxide Hydrolysis and Alcohol Oxidation: One-Pot Synthesis of (R)-α-Hydroxy Ketones from Meso- or Racemic Epoxides

A new type of cascade biocatalysis was developed for one-pot enantioselective conversion of a meso- or racemic epoxide to an α-hydroxy ketone in high ee via an epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the epoxide, an alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of the diol intermediate, and an enzyme-catalyzed cofactor regeneration. In vitro cascade biotransformation of meso-epoxides (cyclopentene oxide 1a, cyclohexene oxide 1b, and cycloheptene oxide 1c) was achieved with cell-free extracts containing recombinant SpEH (epoxide hydrolase from Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200), BDHA (butanediol dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis BGSC1A1), and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase form Bacillus subtilis) or NOX (NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20054), respectively, giving the corresponding (R)-α-hydroxycyclopentanone 3a, (R)-α-hydroxycyclohexanone 3b, and (R)-α-hydroxycycloheptanone 3c in 98-99% ee and 70-50% conversion with TTN of NAD+-recycling of 5500-26000. Cascade catalysis with mixed cells of Escherichia coli (SpEH) and E. coli (BDHA-NOX) converted 100-300 mM meso-epoxides 1a-1c to (R)-α-hydroxy ketones 3a-3c in 98-99% ee and 85-57% conversion. Cells of E. coli (SpEH-BDHA-NOX) coexpressing all three enzymes were also proven as good catalysts for the cascade conversion of 100-200 mM meso-epoxides 1a-1c, giving (R)-α-hydroxy ketones 3a-3c in 98-99% ee and 79-52% conversion. The cascade biocatalysis for one-pot synthesis of α-hydroxy ketone in high ee was also successfully demonstrated with a racemic epoxide (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-oxide 1d) as the substrate. By using two whole-cells based approaches, (R)-α-hydroxytetralone 3d was obtained in 99% ee and 49-40% conversion from 20 to 5 mM racemic epoxide 1d. Preparative cascade biotransformation of cyclohexene oxide 1b gave (R)-α-hydroxycyclohexanone 3b in 98% ee with 70% isolated yield. The developed new type of cascade biocatalysis is enantioselective, green, and often high yielding. The concept might be generally applicable to produce other useful enantiopure α-hydroxy ketones from the corresponding meso- or racemic epoxides by cascade catalysis using appropriate enzymes. (Chemical Equation Presented).

Flexible stereoselective functionalizations of ketones through umpolung with hypervalent iodine reagents

The functionalization of carbonyl compounds in the α-position has gathered much attention as a synthetic route because of the wide biological importance of such products. Through polarity reversal, or "umpolung", we show here that typical nucleophiles, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and even carbon nucleophiles, can be used for addition reactions after tethering them to enol ethers. Our findings allow novel retrosynthetic planning and rapid assembly of structures previously accessible only by multistep sequences. A Nu approach: An efficient α-functionalization of ketones with a range of simple and useful nucleophiles is possible by using hypervalent iodine reagents (see scheme; Nu′ can be the Nu itself or a protected form of this nucleophile group).

Lipophilic oligopeptides for chemo- and enantioselective acyl transfer reactions onto alcohols

Inspired by the extraordinary selectivities of acylases, we envisioned the use of lipophilic oligopeptidic organocatalysts for the acylative kinetic resolution/desymmetrization of rac- and meso-cycloalkane-1,2-diols. Here we describe in a full account the discovery and development process from the theoretical concept to the final catalyst, including scope and limitations. Competition experiments with various alcohols and electrophiles show the full potential of the employed oligopeptides. Additionally, we utilized NMR and IR-spectroscopic methods as well as computations to shed light on the factors responsible for the selectivity. The catalyst system can be readily modified to a multicatalyst by adding other catalytically active amino acids to the peptide backbone, enabling the stereoselective one-pot synthesis of complex molecules from simple starting materials.

Enantioselective biooxidation of racemic trans-cyclic vicinal diols: One-pot synthesis of both enantiopure (S,S)-cyclic vicinal diols and (R)-α-hydroxy ketones

Highly regio- and enantioselective alcohol dehydrogenases BDHA (2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis BGSC1A1), CDDHPm (cyclic diol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas medocina TA5), and CDDHRh (cyclic diol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus sp. Moj-3449) were discovered for the oxidation of racemic trans-cyclic vicinal diols. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing BDHA was engineered as an efficient whole-cell biocatalyst for the oxidation of (±)-1,2-cyclopentanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cycloheptane-diol, and 1,2-cyclooctanediol, respectively, to give the corresponding (R)-α-hydroxy ketones in >99% ee and (S,S)-cyclic diols in >99% ee at 50% conversion in one pot. Escherichia coli (BDHA-LDH) co-expressing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for intracellular regeneration of NAD+ catalyzed the regio- and enantioselective oxidation of (±)-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene to produce the corresponding (R)-α-hydroxy ketone in >99% ee and (S,S)-cyclic diol in 96% ee at 49% conversion. Preparative biotransformations were also demonstrated. Thus, a novel and useful method for the one-pot synthesis of both vicinal diols and α-hydroxy ketones in high ee was developed via high Copyright

Asymmetric α-hydroxy ketone synthesis by direct ketone oxidation using a bimetallic palladium(II) complex

The oxidation of ketones by a chiral bimetallic palladium(II) complex in the presence of CuCl2 in THF-water solvents gave an enantioselective synthesis of α-hydroxyketones in catalytic oxidation utilizing an atmosphere of oxygen. The ee's ranged from 61% to 92%. The reaction was accelerated by addition of strong acid that presumably increases the rate of enolization.