55399-92-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Nutritional Supplements:
L-threonine is used as a nutritional supplement to promote muscle growth, enhance athletic performance, and support overall health and well-being.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
L-threonine is used in the pharmaceutical industry for its potential therapeutic benefits.
Used in Cosmetic Industry:
L-threonine is used in the cosmetic industry for its potential skincare benefits.

Upstream product

• 885054-30-8 ethyl (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-methyl-4-oxopentanoate 
• 168610-73-9 4-hydroxyisoleucine γ-lactone 
• 55527-86-1 (3S,4R,5S)-3-amino-4,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one 
• 55527-85-0 (3S,4R,5R)-3-Amino-4,5-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-2-one 
• 600-18-0 2-Oxobutyric acid 
• 75-07-0 acetaldehyde 
• 75-24-1 trimethylaluminum 
• 115983-56-7 benzyl 2,3-anhydro-4-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-L-ribopyranoside 

Downstream Products

• 55527-86-1 (3S,4R,5S)-3-amino-4,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

A practical and efficient total synthesis of potent insulinotropic (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine through a chiral N-protected γ-keto- α-aminoester

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine, which exhibits remarkable insulinotropic activity, is expected to be a potent drug to treat type II diabetes. We propose herein a four-step synthesis of the enantiopure natural product on the basis of successive Mannich condensation, catalytic epimerization, N-paramethoxyphenyl deprotection, and diastereoselective reduction. This compact economical and scalable sequence enables to perfectly control three contiguous chiral centers. It does not involve any chromatographic purification, and the desired compound is obtained in >99 % de, >99 % ee, and 22 % overall yield under our optimized conditions.

An organocatalyzed enantioselective synthesis of (2S,3R,4S)-4- hydroxyisoleucine and its stereoisomers

A concise enantioselective total synthesis of (2S,3R,4S)-4- hydroxyisoleucine and its stereoisomers is described. A key feature of this protocol is a catalytic enantioselective mannich reaction that is either anti- or syn-selective as genesis of chirality.

Synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine by the aldolase-transaminase coupling reaction and basic characterization of the aldolase from Arthrobacter simplex AKU 626

Arthrobacter simplex AKU 626 was found to synthesize 4-hydroxyisoleucine from acetaldehyde, α-ketobutyrate, and L-glutamate in the presence of Escherichia coli harboring the branched chain amino acid transaminase gene (ilvE) from E. coli K12 substrain MG-1655. By using resting cells of A. simplex AKU 626 and E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-15b-ilvE, 3.2 mM 4-hydroxyisoleucine was produced from 250 mM acetaldehyde, 75 mM α-ketobutyrate, and 100mM L-glutamate with a molar yield to α-ketobutyrate of 4.3% in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2 mM MnCl2·4H2O at 28°C for 2 h. An aldolase that catalyzes the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and α-ketobutyrate was purified from A. simplex AKU 626. Mn2+ and pyridoxal 5′-monophosphate were effective in stabilizing the enzyme. The native and subunit molecular masses of the purified aldolase were about 180 and 32 kDa respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme showed no significant homology to known aldolases.

New synthetic routes toward enantiopure (2S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxyisoleucine by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a chiral nitrone to C4 alkenes

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of a chiral nitrone derived from (-)-menthone to E/Z mixtures of crotonaldehyde or (Z)-but-2-en-1,4-diol opens, by simultaneous creation of three contiguous asymmetric centers, new access to enantiopure (2S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, respectively in 13% (7 steps) and 34% (6 steps) overall yield. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.

DIASTEREOISOMERS OF 4-HYDROXYISOLEUCINE AND USES THEREOF

The invention relates to configurational isomers 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and to lactones, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and prodrugs thereof, to processes for their preparation, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. The isomers of the invention exhibit insulinotropic activity and thus may be useful for the prevention and treatment of disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism, including diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2 diabetes), pre-diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome.

Method for preparing diastereoisomers of 4-hydroxy isoleucine

The invention relates to a method for preparing diastereoisomers of 4-hydroxy isoleucine of formula A ????????CO2H- CH(NH2)- CH(CH3)-CH(OH)-CH3?????(A) which comprises the following steps: deprotection of amine of Formula B reduction and subsequent lactonisation of an intermediate amine derivative of formula C whose substituents at positions 2 and 3 are either R, S or S, S ; or S, R or R, R,hydrolysis of the resulting lactone of formula D where in substituents at positions 2, 3 and 4 are S,R,S or S,R,R when using a protected amine S,RS,S,S or S,S,R when using a protected amine S,SR,S,R or R,S,S, when using a protected amine R,SR,R,R or R,R,S when using a protected amine R,R under conditions to obtain the desired isomer of 4-hydroxy isoleucine. Application for preparing the 8 isomeric forms of 4-hydroxy isoleucine.

Compounds and compositions for use in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related syndromes

The invention relates to 4-hydroxyisoleucine, isomers, analogs, lactones, salts, and prodrugs thereof, to processes for their preparation, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of those compounds in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related syndromes.

Formation of 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (sotolone) from 4-hydroxy-L-isoleucine and 3-amino-4,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(5H)-furanone

The proposed formation of 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (sotolone) from 4-hydroxy-L-isoleucine (1) and the corresponding lactone 3-amino-4,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(5H)-furanone (2) by thermally induced oxidative deamination was corroborated. The formation of sotolone was studied in model systems by reacting 1 or 2 with different carbonyl compounds in a phosphate buffer at pH 5 at 100 °C for 1 h. The amount of sotolone was quantified by stable isotope dilution assays using 13C2-labeled sotolone as internal standard and GC-MS operating in the selected ion monitoring mode. In general, a-ketoaldehydes were found to be more reactive than a-diketones. Methylglyoxal gave rise to about 64 μg sotolone per mg 1 (7.4 mol %) compared to less than 1μg (0.1 mol %) when reacted with 2,3-pentanedione. Using 2 as the starting material, the yields were increased to 274 μg (35.9 mol %) and 5.4 μg (0.7 mol %), respectively. The optimum pH of the reaction with HIL was 5, representing the best compromise between the lactonization step and the amino-carbonyl reaction. Significant amounts of sotolone were generated only at temperatures higher than 70 °C. The yield increased over a period of 10 h to about 210 μg/mg 1 (23.8 mol %). The Strecker degradation of 1, resulting in 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanal, was a competitive reaction to the formation of sotolone.

Organoaluminium induced ring-opening of epoxypyranosides. IV. Synthesis and structure of γ-hydroxy-Isoleucine stereoisomers and their corresponding lactones

Two γ-hydroxy-isoleucine stereoisomers 8 (2R, 3R, 4R), and 14 (2S, 3R, 4R) as well as their corresponding γ- lactones 9 and 15 were synthesized using a tandem. Me3Al induced opening of the epoxide and pyranoside rings of benzyl 2,3-anhydro-4-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-L-ribopyranoside (1). The structure of the lactone hydrochloride 9 was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure determination.