56610-80-1Relevant articles and documents
Is Bismuth Really the "green" Metal? Exploring the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Organobismuth Thiolate Complexes
Stephens, Liam J.,Munuganti, Sarmishta,Duffin, Rebekah N.,Werrett, Melissa V.,Andrews, Philip C.
, p. 3494 - 3508 (2020)
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming an ever-increasing threat for human health. Metal complexes and, in particular, those that incorporate bismuth offer an attractive alternative to the typically used organic compounds to which bacteria are often able to develop resistance determinants. Herein we report the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a series of homo- and heteroleptic bismuth(III) thiolates incorporating either one (BiPh2L), two (BiPhL2), or three (BiL3) sulfur-containing azole ligands where LH = tetrazolethiols or triazolethiols (thiones). Despite bismuth typically being considered a nontoxic heavy metal, we demonstrate that the environment surrounding the metal center has a clear influence on the safety of bismuth-containing complexes. In particular, heteroleptic thiolate complexes (BiPh2L and BiPhL2) display strong antibacterial activity yet are also nonselectively cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Interestingly, the homoleptic thiolate complexes (BiL3) were shown to be completely inactive toward both bacterial and mammalian cells. Further biological analysis of the complexes revealed the first insights into the biological mode of action of these particular bismuth thiolates. Scanning electron microscopy images of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells have revealed that the cell membrane is the likely target site of action for bismuth thiolates against bacterial cells. This points toward a nonspecific mode of action that is likely to contribute to the poor selectivity's demonstrated by the bismuth thiolate complexes in vitro. Uptake studies suggest that reduced cellular uptake could explain the marked difference in activity between the homo- and heteroleptic complexes.
Product and preparation of 1H-tetrazole-5-thiol derivatives
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, (2008/06/13)
The process for preparation of and the intermediate compounds such as 1H-tetrazole-5-thiol having the formula STR1 wherein R1 is alkyl, aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl, halogen-substituted aryl or alkylamino-substituted aryl and R2 is hydrogen or arakyl, preferably benzyl. The compound is produced by reacting a substituted thiosemicarbazide with an aralkyl chloride, subjecting the resultant compound to diazotization, and reacting the resultant compound with a Friedel Crafts catalyst. Optionally, this may be further hydrolyzed when R1 is aminoalkyl and/or converted to conventional salts.
