62146-64-9

Upstream product

• 62146-55-8 di-tert-butyl heptane-1,7-diyldicarbamate 
• 99733-18-3 N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1,7-heptanediamine 
• 646-19-5 heptane-1,7-diamine 
• 501-53-1 benzyl chloroformate 
• 62146-60-5 Z-NH-(CH₂)7-NH-Boc 

Downstream Products

• 98577-70-9 {7-[4-(7-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-heptylcarbamoyl)-butyrylamino]-heptyl}-carbamic acid benzyl ester 
• 1370259-96-3 4,4-difluorocyclohexanecarboxamide N-{1-(4-{2-[(7-aminoheptylcarbamoyl)methoxy]acetylamino}phenyl)-3-[3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]propyl} 
• 1370259-95-2 (7-{2-[(4-{1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexylcarbonylamino)-3-[3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]propyl}phenylcarbamoyl)methoxy]acetylamino}heptyl)carbamic acid benzyl ester 
• 1370259-79-2 C₄₅H₆₉F₂N₉O₇ 
• 1370259-92-9 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-(3′,13′-dioxo-1′-phenyl-2′,15′-dioxa-4′,12′-diazaheptadecanamido)morphinan 
• 1370259-91-8 2-{[7-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)heptylcarbamoyl]methoxy}acetic acid 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Discrepancy Regarding the Dethreading of a Dibenzo-24-crown-8 Macrocycle through a Perfluorobutyl End in [2]Pseudorotaxanes

Here are reported the synthesis and characterization of four new dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8)-based ammonium-containing pseudorotaxanes, for which one of the two encircled axle's extremities consists of a perfluorobutyl moiety. The subsequent dethreading of the DB24C8 over the perfluorobutyl extremity was studied. Although the perfluorobutyl extremity of an ammonium-containing axle did not allow threading of DB24C8, dethreading of a perfluorobutyl extremity-containing pseudorotaxane was possible and its rate depended on both the strength of the template-to-DB24C8 complex and the nature of the axle. In particular, dethreading process may be assisted by the presence, in the threaded axle, of a poor secondary site of interaction for the DB24C8 and this assistance proved to be higher when this site is close to the DB24C8.

Structure-Based Design and Development of Chemical Probes Targeting Putative MOR-CCR5 Heterodimers to Inhibit Opioid Exacerbated HIV-1 Infectivity

Crystal structures of ligand-bound G-protein-coupled receptors provide tangible templates for rationally designing molecular probes. Herein, we report the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological investigations of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (MOR-CCR5) heterodimers. The bivalent ligand VZMC013 possessed nanomolar level binding affinities for both the MOR and CCR5, inhibited CCL5-stimulated calcium mobilization, and remarkably improved anti-HIV-1BaL activity over previously reported bivalent ligands. VZMC013 inhibited viral infection in TZM-bl cells coexpressing CCR5 and MOR to a greater degree than cells expressing CCR5 alone. Furthermore, VZMC013 blocked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry more effectively in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC cells than in the absence of opioids. A three-dimensional molecular model of VZMC013 binding to the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer complex is constructed to elucidate its mechanism of action. VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting MOR-CCR5 heterodimers and may serve as a pharmacological agent to inhibit opioid-exacerbated HIV-1 entry.

Exploration of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor and chemokine receptor CCR5 dimerization

Modern antiretroviral therapies have provided HIV-1 infected patients longer lifespans and better quality of life. However, several neurological complications are now being seen in these patients due to HIV-1 associated injury of neurons by infected microglia and astrocytes. In addition, these effects can be further exacerbated with opiate use and abuse. One possible mechanism for such potentiation effects of opiates is the interaction of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) with the chemokine receptor CCR5 (CCR5), a known HIV-1 co-receptor, to form MOR–CCR5 heterodimer. In an attempt to understand this putative interaction and its relevance to neuroAIDS, we designed and synthesized a series of bivalent ligands targeting the putative CCR5–MOR heterodimer. To understand how these bivalent ligands may interact with the heterodimer, biological studies including calcium mobilization inhibition, binding affinity, HIV-1 invasion, and cell fusion assays were applied. In particular, HIV-1 infection assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, and astrocytes revealed a notable synergy in activity for one particular bivalent ligand. Further, a molecular model of the putative CCR5–MOR heterodimer was constructed, docked with the bivalent ligand, and molecular dynamics simulations of the complex was performed in a membrane-water system to help understand the biological observation.

BIVALENT LIGANDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Bivalent ligands that contain two pharmacophores linked through a spacer, one of which interacts with the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and the other of which interacts with the co-receptor CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), are used for the treatment of neurological disorders such as those associated with AIDS.

Design and synthesis of a bivalent ligand to explore the putative heterodimerization of the mu opioid receptor and the chemokine receptor CCR5

The bivalent ligand approach has been utilized not only to study the underlying mechanism of G protein-coupled receptors dimerization and/or oligomerization, but also to enhance ligand affinity and/or selectivity for potential treatment of a variety of diseases by targeting this process. Substance abuse and addiction have made both the prevention and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection more difficult to tackle. Morphine, a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, can accelerate HIV infection through up-regulating the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5, a well-known co-receptor for HIV invasion to the host cells and this has been extensively studied. Meanwhile, two research groups have described the putative MOR-CCR5 heterodimers in their independent studies. The purpose of this paper is to report the design and synthesis of a bivalent ligand to explore the biological and pharmacological process of the putative MOR-CCR5 dimerization phenomenon. The developed bivalent ligand thus contains two distinct pharmacophores linked through a spacer; ideally one of which will interact with the MOR and the other with the CCR5. Naltrexone and Maraviroc were selected as the pharmacophores to generate such a bivalent probe. The overall reaction route to prepare this bivalent ligand was convergent and efficient, and involved sixteen steps with moderate to good yields. The preliminary biological characterization showed that the bivalent compound 1 retained the pharmacological characteristics of both pharmacophores towards the MOR and the CCR5 respectively with relatively lower binding affinity, which tentatively validated our original molecular design. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012.