65277-42-1 Usage
Uses
Used in Antifungal Treatments:
Ketoconazole is used as an antifungal agent for treating various fungal infections, including candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral thrush, candiduria, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
Used in Inhibiting PXR/SRC1 & CAR/SRC1:
Ketoconazole is used as an inhibitor of PXR/SRC1 and CAR/SRC1, which are protein complexes involved in the regulation of drug metabolism and transport.
Used in Inhibiting CYP Proteins, Thromboxane Synthetase, and 5-LO:
Ketoconazole is used as an inhibitor of CYP proteins, thromboxane synthetase, and 5-lipoxygenase, which play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and the regulation of inflammatory responses.
Used in Antineoplastic Activity:
Ketoconazole exhibits antimetastatic and antineoplastic activity, making it a potential candidate for cancer treatment.
Used in Inhibiting Cytochrome P-450 Dependent Steps:
Ketoconazole is used to inhibit cytochrome P-450 dependent steps in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in vivo, which can have therapeutic applications in various endocrine disorders.
Used in Athlete's Foot and Dandruff Treatments:
Ketoconazole is used as an antifungal drug for treating athlete's foot and excessive dandruff, providing relief from fungal infections affecting the skin and scalp.
Antifungal drug
Ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal imidazole with commercially available product being under the trade name of Jindakening, Meikangling and keNing. It interferes with the activity of fungal cytochrome P-450 with a high selectivity, thus inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membrane. It is effective in treating both shallow, deep fungal infections and can inhibit both fungal growth and the transition from spores to mycelium to prevent the further infection. It has antifungal effect on Candida genus, Fonsecaea, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Sporothrix spp and Trichophyton. Clinically, it is suitable for the treatment of ringworm, athlete's foot, and skin ringworm, tinea, jock itch, and thrush, tinea versicolor as well as cutaneous candidiasis.
Ketoconazole lotion, as a skin external use, is mainly used for clinical treatment and prevention of various kinds of infections caused by Malassezia such as tinea versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and scalp pityriasis (dandruff), and can quickly alleviate the desquamation and itching caused by seborrheic dermatitis and scalp pityriasis.
Pharmacological effects
1. Pharmacology: ketoconazole belongs to azole-class antifungal drugs and has antifungal activity against various kinds of genus of deep fungal infections such as Candida, Fonsecaea, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Sporothrix spp as well as Trichophyton. However, this product has a relative weak activity against Aspergillus, Sporothrix schenckii as well as some species of Dermateaceae and Mucor. This product, through actively interfering with the activity of cytochrome P-450, is capable of inhibiting the biosynthesis of the major steroids-ergosterol of the fungal cell membrane. Therefore, it destroys the fungal cell membrane and changes its permeability, resulting in the leakage of important intracellular material. Ketoconazole can also inhibit the biosynthesis of fungal triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis, inhibit the activity of oxidase and peroxidase, causing accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide which further leads to cell submicroscopic structural degeneration and necrosis. For candida albicans, it can also suppress the transition process from spores to aggressive mycelium.
2. Toxicology: Long-term animal toxicity experiments have showed that ketoconazole can significantly increase the level of alkaline phosphatase and cause liver cell degeneration.
Pharmacokinetics
This product can be dissolved and absorbed in gastric acid. Upon the reduction of the acidity of gastric acid, its absorption can be reduced. Administration after meals can increase its absorption with the bioavailability of administration after meal being as high as 75%. After the single-dose oral administration of 200mg and 400mg, the peak plasma concentrations were 3.6 ± 1.65mg/L and 6.5 ± 1.44mg/L, respectively with the time for reaching peak being 1-4 hours. After the absorption, this product is widely distributed in the body and can reach the synovial fluid of inflammation, saliva, bile, urine, tendons, skin and soft tissue, feces and so on. It has a poor penetrating capability through the blood-brain barrier. In most cases, the drug concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is less than 1mg/L. This product can also penetrate through the blood placental barrier. The binding rate of serum protein is about 90% or more with the elimination half-life being 6.5 to 9 hours. Some part of the drugs is subjected to metabolism in the liver through degradation into inactive imidazole ring and piperazine ring. The metabolites and prototype drug is mainly excreted through the bile. The drug excreted through the kidneys only accounts 13% of the administered dose, of which about 2% to 4% for drug prototype. The product can also be secreted into milk.
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: Variable
Cmax 400 mg oral: c. 5–6 mg/L after 2 h
Plasma half-life: 6–10 h
Volume of distribution: 0.36 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: >95%
It is erratically absorbed after oral administration. Absorption
is favored by an acid pH. Food delays absorption, but does not
significantly reduce the peak serum concentration. Absorption
is reduced if it is given with compounds that reduce gastric
acid secretion. Penetration into CSF is generally
poor
and unreliable, although effective concentrations have been recorded with high doses in some cases of active meningitis. It
is extensively metabolized by the liver, and the metabolites are
excreted in the bile. Less than 1% of an oral dose is excreted
unchanged in the urine.
Indications
Ketoconazole is suitable for treating the following systemic fungal infections:
1. Candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral candidiasis infection, Candida urinary tract infections as well as chronic, recurrent vaginal candidiasis which can be cured by topical therapy.
2. Dermatitis blastomycosis.
3. Coccidioidomycosis.
4. Histoplasmosis.
5. Chromomycosis.
6. Paracoccidioidomycosis.
It can be used for treating fungal skin diseases, hair ringworm and tinea versicolor caused by fungi and yeasts. When local therapy or oral administration of griseofulvin is invalid, or griseofulvin is unacceptable in the treatment of severe refractory fungal skin infection, we can choose the treatment of this drug.
The above information is edited by the lookchem of Dai Xiongfeng.
Indications
Ketoconazole (Nizoral) is approved for treating dermatophyte infections unresponsive to griseofulvin and for patients unable to tolerate that drug. It is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that in very high doses inhibits several steps in the biosynthesis of both adrenal and gonadal steroids. While the normal antifungal dose is 200 mg/day, testosterone biosynthesis in both the adrenal and testis is completely abolished by doses of 800 to 1,600 mg/day. This drug is used most commonly for large virilizing adrenal tumors that cannot be surgically removed.
Side effects
External administration
1. Common erythema, burning, itching, stinging or other irritation, folliculitis, skin atrophy and thinning as well as telangiectasia.
2. It can be observed of dry skin, hirsutism, striae atrophicae and increased susceptibility to infection.
3. Long-term medication may cause cortex hyperthyroidism, manifested as hirsutism, acne, moon face, osteoporosis and other symptoms.
4. It can be occasionally observed of allergic contact dermatitis.
Side effects of oral administration
1. Hepatotoxicity: ketoconazole can cause increased serum aminotransferase (AST, ALT) level and is reversible. It can be occasionally observed of severe liver toxicity, primarily being liver cell type with the incidence being about 0.01%. The clinical manifestations include jaundice, dark urine, white-color faeces and abnormal fatigue, etc., these effects can usually resume after the withdrawal of the drug, but there are also cases of deaths; there are also cases of hepatitis in children.
2. Gastrointestinal reaction: nausea, vomiting and anorexia are common cases.
3. Gynecomastia and lack of semen; this is related to the effect of this product on suppression of the biosynthesis of testosterone and adrenal cortical hormone.
Side effects
Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia occur commonly with
ketoconazole, especially when high doses are prescribed.
Epigastric distress can be reduced by taking ketoconazole
with food. Pruritis and/or allergic dermatitis
occurs in 10% of patients. Liver enzyme elevations during
therapy are not unusual and are usually reversible.
Severe ketoconazole-associated hepatitis is rare.
At high doses, ketoconazole causes a clinically significant
reduction in testosterone synthesis and blocks
the adrenal response to corticotropin. Gynecomastia,
impotence, reduced sperm counts, and diminished libido
can occur in men, and prolonged drug use can result
in irregular menses in women. These hormonal effects
have led to the use of ketoconazole as a potential
adjunctive treatment for prostatic carcinoma.
Precautions
1. Take it with caution upon the following cases:
lack of gastric acid (may cause the reduction of the absorption of the product).
Alcoholism or liver damage (it can cause liver toxicity).
2.Before or during the treatment, the patients should be regularly subject to monitoring of liver function. Elevated serum aminotransferase may not be accompanied by symptoms of hepatitis, however, if the serum aminotransferase value continues to rise or increase, or associated with liver toxicity symptoms, we should discontinue ketoconazole treatment.
3. For simultaneous administration of cimetidine or furan thiamine, take them at least 2 hours after taking this drug.
4. This product can cause photosensitivity reactions. Therefore, during the medication, we should avoid prolonged exposure to bright light and can wear colored glasses. 5. It is not allowed to take alcoholic beverages while taking the drug. Pay attention if dizziness or drowsiness occurs.
5. Patients of renal dysfunction don’t need to be subject to reduced dose upon taking it.
6. Ketoconazole has a very poor capability of penetrating blood-brain barrier and is not suitable for the treatment of fungal meningitis. This product also has poor efficacy in treating Aspergillus, Mucor or maduromycosis and thus is also not suitable.
7. Interfere with the diagnosis: can cause elevated serum aminotransferase, can also cause increased level of hemobilirubin.
Precautions
Both rifampin and isoniazid lower plasma ketoconazolelevels, and concomitant administration should be avoided.Phenytoin serum levels should be monitored closelywhen ketoconazole is prescribed.Ketoconazole causes increasesin serum concentrations of warfarin, cyclosporine,and sulfonylureas. Because of its ability to increase serumcyclosporine levels, ketoconazole has been given to cyclosporine-dependent cardiac transplant recipients to reducethe dose of cyclosporine needed and as a cost-savingmeasure.
Pregnant and lactating women
The product can penetrate through the blood placental barrier. Animal experiments have shown that the product can be teratogenic such as syndactylia, lack of finger (toe) and dystocia in rats. US FDA data has shown that the application of this drug in pregnant women should be classified into Class C, namely being toxic in animal studies but is lack of adequate information in human studies. Therefore, pregnant women should be avoided for using it. Ketoconazole can be secreted into breast milk. The administration of it for humans has not found any issues, but the product can increase the likelihood of the occurrence of neonatal kernicterus, lactating women should weigh both advantages and disadvantages for using it.
Production method
Put the mixture containing 2.4 parts of 1-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) piperazine, 0.4 part of 78% sodium hydride, 75 parts of dimethyl sulfate, 22.5 parts of benzene at 40 ℃ for stirring of 1 hour, followed by addition of 4.2 parts of 2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-ylmethyl methanesulfonate. Stir at 100 °C overnight with the reaction product resulting in 3.2 parts ketoconazole after treatment.
Originator
Nizoral,Janssen,US,1981
Therapeutic Function
Antifungal
World Health Organization (WHO)
Ketoconazole, an imidazole antifungal agent, was introduced in
1978 for the topical and systemic treatment of a wide variety of fungal infections.
Its use by mouth has been associated with hepatotoxicity, including cases of
hepatitis, which have usually been reversible on discontinuation of the drug, but
some fatalities have also occurred. Ketoconazole is widely marketed.
Antimicrobial activity
The spectrum includes dermatophytes, some dimorphic fungi
and Candida spp.
Acquired resistance
Resistance has been documented in patients treated for
chronic mucocutaneous candidosis and AIDS patients with
oropharyngeal or esophageal candidosis. Some fluconazoleresistant
C. albicans and C. glabrata are cross-resistant to
ketoconazole.
Pharmaceutical Applications
A synthetic dioxolane imidazole available for oral and topical
use.
Biological Activity
Antifungal agent; potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450c17.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Ketoconazole is an imidazole derivative. It plays an important role in inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol in the cell wall of fungi. Ketoconazole has therapeutic effects against dermatophytosis, superficial candidiasis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
Mechanism of action
Ketoconazole has little effect on Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Ketoconazole is highly dependent on low stomach pH for absorption, and antacids or drugs that raise stomach pH will lower the bioavailability of ketoconazole. As with other azoles, it is extensively metabolized by microsomal enzymes. All the metabolites are inactive. Evidence that CYP3A4 plays a significant role in metabolism of ketoconazole is that coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin, can cause as much as a 50% reduction in levels of ketoconazole.
Clinical Use
Ketoconazole remains useful in the treatment of cutaneous
and mucous membrane dermatophyte and yeast
infections, but it has been replaced by the newer triazoles
in the treatment of most serious Candida infections
and disseminated mycoses. Ketoconazole is usually
effective in the treatment of thrush, but fluconazole
is superior to ketoconazole for refractory thrush.
Widespread dermatophyte infections on skin surfaces
can be treated easily with oral ketoconazole when the
use of topical antifungal agents would be impractical.
Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with topical imidazoles
is less expensive.
Synthesis
Ketoconazole, cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazole-
1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl]phenyl]piperazine (35.2.4), is synthesized from
2,4-dichlorophenacyl bromide, the ketalization of which using glycerol gives cis-2-(2,4-
dichlorophenyl)-2-bromoethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (35.2.1). Acylating the
hydroxyl group of this compound with benzoyl chloride, and then alkylating the resulting
compound with imidazole gives the derivative (35.2.2). Next, alkaline hydrolysis removes
the benzoyl group, and a reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride gives a mesylate (35.2.3).
Finally, alkylating the resulting 1-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine gives ketoconazole
(35.2.4).
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Because of its comparative lack of toxicity when compared to amphotericin
B, oral administration, and relatively good efficacy, ketoconazole
has been used to treat several fungal infections in dogs,
cats, and other small species. Ketoconazole is often employed with
amphotericin B to enhance the efficacy of ketoconazole, and by
reducing the dose of amphotericin B, decreasing its risk of toxicity.
See the Dosage section or Pharmacology section for specifics.
Newer antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole) have advantages
over ketoconazole, primarily less toxicity and/or enhanced
efficacy; however, ketoconazole can be significantly less expensive
than the newer agents. Ketoconazole is considered by some to still
be the drug of choice for treating histoplasmosis in dogs.
Use of ketoconazole in cats is controversial and some say it should
never be used that species.
Ketoconazole is also used clinically for the medical treatment of
hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Ketoconazole
appears to be a viable
option (although relatively expensive) to mitotane, particularly for
palliative
therapy in dogs with large, malignant, or invasive tumors
where surgery is not an option. Ketoconazole is also used frequently
in dogs for stabilization prior to surgery. It is a reversible inhibitor
of steroidogenesis, so it is usually not a viable option for long-term
treatment.
Because it interferes with the metabolism of cyclosporine, it has
been used to reduce the dosage necessary for cyclosporine in dogs.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Aminophylline and theophylline; possibly increased
concentration of aminophylline and theophylline.
Analgesics: inhibits buprenorphine metabolism -
reduce buprenorphine dose; possible increased risk
of ventricular arrhythmias with methadone - avoid;
increases oxycodone and sufentanil concentration;
avoid with paracetamol.
Anti-arrhythmics: increased risk of ventricular
arrhythmias with disopyramide - avoid;
concentration of dronedarone increased - avoid.
Antibacterials: metabolism increased by rifampicin;
may reduce rifampicin concentration; concentration
of bedaquiline increased - avoid; avoid with
fidaxomicin; concentration possibly reduced
by isoniazid; avoid with clarithromycin and
telithromycin in severe renal (both) and hepatic
impairment (telithromycin only).
Anticoagulants: anticoagulant effect of coumarins
enhanced; concentration of apixaban, dabigatran
and rivaroxaban increased - avoid; concentration of
edoxaban increased - reduce edoxaban dose.
Antidepressants: avoid concomitant use with
reboxetine; ketoconazole increases concentration of
mirtazapine.
Antidiabetics: concentration of pioglitazone,
saxagliptin and tolbutamide increased.
Antiepileptics: concentration of ketoconazole
reduced by fosphenytoin and phenytoin and possibly
carbamazepine; concentration of perampanel and
possibly carbamazepine increased.
Antifungals: concentration of isavuconazole
increased - avoid.
Antihistamines: concentration of loratidine
possibly increased - avoid; avoid with mizolastine;
concentration of rupatadine increased.
Antimalarials: avoid with piperaquine with artenimol
and artemether and lumefantrine; concentration of
mefloquine increased.
Antimuscarinics: absorption of ketoconazole
reduced; concentration of darifenacin increased -
avoid; reduce dose of fesoterodine; concentration
of oxybutynin and solifenacin increased; avoid with
tolterodine.
Antipsychotics: increased risk of ventricular
arrhythmias with pimozide - avoid; possibly
increased concentration of quetiapine - reduce
quetiapine dose; inhibits aripiprazole metabolism -
reduce aripiprazole dose; concentration of lurasidone
increased - avoid
Metabolism
Ketoconazole is extensively degraded by the liver, and very little active
drug is excreted in either the urine or bile; the dose need not be modified
for renal insufficiency. Adverse reactions to topical ketoconazole are very
rare.
References
1) Lambert et al. (1986) The effects if ketoconazole on adrenal and testicular steroidogenesis in vitro; Biochem. Pharmacol. 35 39992) Sai et al. (2000) Assessment of specificity of eight chemical inhibitors using cDNA-expressed cytochromes P450. Xenobiotica 30 3273) Loose et al. (1983) Ketoconazole blocks adrenal steroidogenesis by inhibiting cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes; J. Clin. Invest. 71 14954) Howell et al. (2019) Lung cancer cells survive epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure through upregulation of cholesterol synthesis; FASEB Bioadv. 2 905) Beetens et al. (1986) Ketoconazole inhibits the biosynthesis of leukotrienes in vitro and in vivo; Biochem. Pharmacol. 35 883
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 65277-42-1 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 6,5,2,7 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 65277-42:
(7*6)+(6*5)+(5*2)+(4*7)+(3*7)+(2*4)+(1*2)=141
141 % 10 = 1
So 65277-42-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C26H28Cl2N4O4/c1-19(33)31-10-12-32(13-11-31)21-3-5-22(6-4-21)34-15-23-16-35-26(36-23,17-30-9-8-29-18-30)24-7-2-20(27)14-25(24)28/h2-9,14,18,23H,10-13,15-17H2,1H3/t23?,26-/m0/s1
65277-42-1Relevant articles and documents
Cellulose type chiral stationary phase based on reduced graphene oxide@silica gel for the enantiomer separation of chiral compounds
Li, Yuanyuan,Li, Qiang,Zhu, Nan,Gao, Zhuxian,Ma, Yulong
, p. 996 - 1004 (2018/07/29)
The graphene oxide (GO) was covalently coupled to the surfaces of silica gel (SiO2) microspheres by amide bond to get the graphene oxide@silica gel (GO@SiO2). Then, the GO@SiO2 was reduced with hydrazine to the reduced graphene oxide@silica gel (rGO@SiO2), and the cellulose derivatives were physically coated on the surfaces of rGO@SiO2 to prepare a chiral stationary phase (CSP) for high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimum experimental conditions, eight benzene-enriched enantiomers were separated completely, and the resolution of trans-stilbene oxide perfectly reached 4.83. Compared with the blank column of non-bonded rGO, the separation performance is better on the new CSP, which is due to the existence of rGO to produce special retention interaction with analytes, such as π-π stacking, hydrophobic effect, π-π electron-donor–acceptor interaction, and hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the obtained CSP shows special selectivity for benzene-enriched enantiomers, improves separation selectivity and efficiency, and rGO plays a synergistic effect with cellulose derivatives on enantioseparation.
A chiral enantioseparation generic strategy for anti-Alzheimer and antifungal drugs by short end injection capillary electrophoresis using an experimental design approach
Abdel-Megied, Ahmed M.,Hanafi, Rasha S.,Aboul-Enein, Hassan Y.
, p. 165 - 176 (2017/11/27)
The present study describes a generic strategy using capillary electrophoretic (CE) method for chiral enantioseparation of anti-Alzheimer drugs, namely, donepezil (DON), rivastigmine (RIV), and antifungal drugs, namely, ketoconazole (KET), Itraconazole (ITR), fluconazole (FLU), and sertaconazole (SRT) in which these drugs have different basic and acidic properties. Several modified cyclodextrins (CDs) were applied for enantioseparation of racemates such as highly sulfated α, γ CDs, hydroxyl propyl-β-CD, and Sulfobutyl ether-β-CD. The starting screening conditions consist of 50-mM phosphate-triethanolamine buffer at pH?2.5, an applied voltage of 15?kV, and a temperature of 25°C. The CE strategy implemented in the separation starts by screening prior to the optimization stage in which an experimental design is applied. The design of experiment (DOE) was based on a full factorial design of the crucial two factors (pH and %CD) at three levels, to make a total of nine (32) experiments with high, intermediate, and low values for both factors. Evaluation of the proposed strategy pointed out that best resolution was obtained at pH?2.5 for five racemates using low percentages of HS-γ-CD, while SBE-β-CD was the most successful chiral selector offering acceptable resolution for all the six racemates, with the best separation at low pH values and at higher %CD within 10-min runtime. Regression study showed that the linear model shows a significant lack of fit for all chiral selectors, anticipating that higher orders of the factors are most likely to be present in the equation with possible interactions.
Preparation method of ketoconazole
-
, (2018/04/03)
The invention belongs to the technical field of medicine synthesis and in particular relates to a preparation method of ketoconazole. The preparation method of the ketoconazole, provided by the invention, comprises the following step: S101: enabling a compound shown as a formula I and a compound shown as a formula II to be mixed for reaction in an acidic medium to obtain the ketoconazole. According to the preparation method of the ketoconazole, the steric hindrance of the compound shown as the formula I and the compound shown as the formula II is great, so that the cis-trans selectivity of 1,3-dioxolame formed by reaction of the compound shown as the formula I and the compound shown as the formula II is remarkably improved, and furthermore, a benzoyl removing step is omitted; finally, theproduction period of the ketoconazole is shortened and the cost is reduced; meanwhile, the utilization of dangerous substances including bromine liquid and the like is reduced; the technical defects in the prior art that steps for synthesizing the ketoconazole is more and the yield and the purity are low are overcome.
Chiral separation of four stereoisomers of ketoconazole drugs using capillary electrophoresis
Ibrahim, Wan Aini Wan,Arsad, Siti Rosilah,Maarof, Hasmerya,Sanagi, Mohd Marsin,Aboul-Enein, Hassan Y.
, p. 223 - 227 (2015/03/18)
This work aimed to develop a chiral separation method of ketoconazole enantiomers using electrokinetic chromatography. The separation was achieved using heptakis (2, 3, 6- tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TMβCD), a commonly used chiral selector (CS), as it is relatively inexpensive and has a low UV absorbance in addition to an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The influence of TMβCD concentration, phosphate buffer concentration, SDS concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage were investigated. The optimum conditions for chiral separation of ketoconazole was achieved using 10mM phosphate buffer at pH2.5 containing 20mM TMβCD, 5mM SDS, and 1.0% (v/v) methanol with an applied voltage of 25 kV at 25 °C with a 5-s injection time (hydrodynamic injection). The four ketoconazole stereoisomers were successfully resolved for the first time within 17 min (total analysis time was 28 min including capillary conditioning). The migration time precision of this method was examined to give repeatability and reproducibility with RSDs ≤5.80% (n =3) and RSDs ≤8.88% (n =9), respectively.
Methods for predicting the response to statins
-
, (2011/10/13)
The invention provides methods for optimizing therapeutic efficacy for treating hypercholesterolemia in a subject having a cardiovascular disease (CVD), comprising (a) determining subject characteristics that affect the likelihood of reaching a goal level of low density lipoprotein (LDL); and (b) obtaining success probabilities of a variety of statin treatments for reaching said goal level of LDL using said subject characteristics and a multivariate model; and (c) administrating the optimal statin treatment with the highest success probability of step (b) to said subject thereby optimizing therapeutic efficacy for treating hypercholesterolemia in said subject.
METHOD AND PREPARATION FOR TREATING BALDNESS
-
, (2010/08/22)
Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to hair-loss, and include treatments and preparations. Embodiments of the present invention include bactericides, combinations of bactericides and fungicides, combination of bactericides and vasodilators, and combinations of bactericides, fungicides, and vasodilators that are delivered topically to pilosebaceous units within the scalps of persons suffering from hair loss. The treatment kills or controls microbes that disrupt hair growth by changing, inhibiting, or interrupting one or more biological functions of the pilosebaceous units. Certain embodiments of the present invention contain additional active and inactive ingredients, including anti-inflammatory agents, carriers, emulsifiers, antioxidants, and other such substances.
Partial structures of ketoconazole as modulators of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa)
Power, Eoin C.,Ganellin, C. Robin,Benton, David C.H.
, p. 887 - 890 (2007/10/03)
A series of partial structures of ketoconazole has been synthesized and tested for activity on the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) in bovine smooth muscle cells. This has provided openers and blockers of the channel. The results suggest that the phenyl and phenoxy moieties are important for interaction with BK, whereas the imidazole group is unimportant. The properties of the phenoxy moiety seem to determine whether the compounds act to open or block the channel.
Treatment solution and method for preventing posterior capsular opacification by selectively inducing detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells
-
, (2008/06/13)
A treatment solution used to prevent posterior capsular opacification is applied or introduced into the lens capsular bag before, during, or after cataract surgery. The treatment solution comprises an ion transport mechanism interference agent, which either alone or in combination with other treatment agents such as an osmotic stress agent and an agent to establish a suitable pH, selectively induces detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells such that posterior capsular opacification is prevented. While the ion transport mechanism interference agent is capable of interfering with the cellular mechanisms and cell ion distribution of a broad range of cells, a concentration of agent is selected such that the treatment solution interferes selectively with the cellular mechanisms of lens epithelial cells while leaving other ocular cells substantially unharmed. The treatment solution selectively induces cellular death and/or detachment of lens epithelial cells while other ocular cells and tissue remain substantially unharmed and without lengthy preoperative pre-treatment.
Stereoselective Syntheses of Both Enantiomers of Ketoconazole from (R)- and (S)-Epichlorohydrin
Camps, Pelayo,Farres, Xavier,Garcia, Luisa,Ginesta, Joan,Pascual, Jaume,et al.
, p. 1283 - 1294 (2007/10/03)
Stereoselective syntheses of both enantiomers of ketoconazole (1) from commercially available (R)- or (S)-epichlorohydrin has been developed.The key-step of syntheses involves the selective substitution of the methylene chlorine atom by benzoate on a mixture of (2S,4R)-14a and (2R,4R)-15a or of their enentiomers, followed by crystalization of the corresponding cis-benzoates, (2R,4R)-18 or (2S,4S)-18, from which (+)- or (-)-1 were obtained as described for (+/-)-1.The ee's of (+)- and (-)-ketocanazole were determined by HPLC on the CSP Chiracel OD-H.
Stereoisomers of ketoconazole: Preparation and biological activity
Rotstein,Kertesz,Walker,Swinney
, p. 2818 - 2825 (2007/10/02)
The four stereoisomers of the antifungal agent ketoconazole (1) were prepared and evaluated for their selectivity in inhibiting a number of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Large differences in selectivity among the isomers were observed for inhibition of the cytochromes P-450 involved in steroid biosynthesis, whereas little differences was observed for inhibition of those associated with hepatic drug metabolism. The cis-(2S,4R) isomer 2 was the most effective against rat lanosterol 14α-demethylase, (2S,4R)-2 > (2R,4S)-4 >> (2R,4R)-3 = (2S,4S)-5, and progesterone 17α,20-lyase, (2S,4R)-2 >> (2S,4S)-5 > (2R,4R)-3 = (2R,4S)-4, whereas the cis-(2R,4S) isomer 4 was more effective against cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, (2R,4S)-4 > (2S,4S)-5 > (2R,4R)-3 > (2S,4R)-2, and the trans-(2S,4S) isomer 5 was the most effective against aromatase, (2S,4R)-5 >> (2R,4R)-3 = (2R,4S)-4 > (2S,4R)-2. The cis- (2S,4R) and trans-(2R,4R) isomers 2 and 3 are equipotent in inhibiting corticoid 11β-hydroxylase and much more effective than their antipodes. Little selectivity was observed for inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage or xenobiotic hydroxylases. These data indicate that the affinity of azoles for cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in steroid synthesis is highly dependent on the stereochemistry of the entire molecule, whereas binding to drug metabolizing enzymes is a less selective process.
