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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Anti-HIV potential of diarylpyrimidine derivatives as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: design, synthesis, docking, TOPKAT analysis and molecular dynamics simulations

In view of the low toxicity of NNRTIs in comparison to NRTIs, a new series of diarylpyrimidine derivatives has been designed as NNRTIs against HIV-1. In silico studies using DS 3.0 software have shown that these compounds behaved as NNRTIs while interacting at the allosteric site of HIV-RT. The designed compounds have shown promising docking results, which revealed that all compounds formed hydrogen bonds with Lys101, Lys103, Tyr181, Tyr318 and π- interactions with Tyr181, Tyr188, Phe227 and Trp229 amino acid residues located in the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket (NNIBP) of HIV-RT protein. The intended molecules have shown high binding affinity with HIV-1 RT, analogous to standard drug molecule—etravirine. TOPKAT results confirmed that the designed compounds were found to be less toxic than the reference drug. Further, employing molecular dynamics simulations, the complexes of the best screened compound 6 and etravirine with the HIV-1 RT protein were analyzed by calculating the RMSD, RMSF, R g, number of hydrogen bonds, principal components of the coordinates, molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area-based binding free energy and their decomposition for different interactions. The analysis demonstrated the higher stability of compound 6 than the standard drug etravirine with HIV-1 RT. The interactions like hydrogen-bonding, van-der-Waals, electrostatic and the solvent accessible surface energy have favorable contributions to the complex stability. Thus, the shortlisted designed compound has great promise as a potential inhibitor against HIV-1 RT.

Docking, ADMET prediction, DFT analysis, synthesis, cytotoxicity, antibacterial screening and QSAR analysis of diarylpyrimidine derivatives

A new series of 2, 4 disubstituted diarylpyrimidine derivatives has been designed, synthesized and screened for their antibacterial activity. QSAR studies followed by antibacterial screening using broth dilution technique showed excellent MIC values against four human pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cerus and Staphylococcus aureus. Some molecules were found to be highly active (MIC value up to 3.1 μg/mL) against different types of human pathogens, like P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and B. cerus. All compounds having MIC values greater than reference drugs were subjected for combinatorial antibacterial screening with chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and paromomycin as standard references and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values of compounds exhibited great synergistic effect as their MIC values were lowered by 1/33, 1/16 and 1/8 of the original MIC's. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity indicates that these molecules were less toxic against HEK293 (Human embryonic kidney) cell lines. Molecular docking assessment also revealed that all designed 2,4 disubstituted diarylpyrimidine derivatives showed good interaction within active site of PDF enzyme (PDB ID: 1G2A). 2, 4 disubstituted diarylpyrimidines formed H-bond with amino acid residue Leu91, Arg97, Ile44, Ile94, Gly89 and Glu95 at a distance of 2.78 - 3.20 ?. Molecules also showed π - + and π – π interaction with amino acid residues Arg97 and His132. In silico assessment of all molecules exhibited more than 88% of intestinal absorption, which was higher than the reference antibiotics viz. chloramphenicol (69.94%), cycloheximide (74.26%) and paromomycin (76.46%).