74372-68-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
In-depth mechanistic study on the formation of acrylamide and other vinylogous compounds by the maillard reaction
Stadler, Richard H.,Robert, Fabien,Riediker, Sonja,Varga, Natalia,Davidek, Tomas,Devaud, Stephanie,Goldmann, Till,Hau, Joerg,Blank, Imre
, p. 5550 - 5558 (2007/10/03)
The formation of acrylamide was studied in low-moisture Maillard model systems (180 °C, 5 min) based on asparagine, reducing sugars, Maillard intermediates, and sugar degradation products. We show evidence that certain glycoconjugates play a major role in acrylamide formation. The N-glycosyl of asparagine generated about 2.4 mmol/mol acrylamide, compared to 0.1 -0.2 mmol/mol obtained with α-dicarbonyls and the Amadori compound of asparagine. 3-Hydroxypropanamide, the Strecker alcohol of asparagine, generated only low amounts of acrylamide (～0.23 mmol/mol), while hydroxyacetone increased the acrylamide yields to more than 4 mmol/mol, indicating that α-hydroxy carbonyls are much more efficient than α-dicarbonyls in converting asparagine into acrylamide. The experimental results are consistent with the reaction mechanism based on (i) a Strecker type degradation of the Schiff base leading to azomethine ylides, followed by (ii) a β-elimination reaction of the decarboxylated Amadori compound to afford acrylamide. The β-position on both sides of the nitrogen atom is crucial. Rearrangement of the azomethine ylide to the decarboxylated Amadori compound is the key step, which is favored if the carbonyl moiety contains a hydroxyl group in β-position to the nitrogen atom. The β-elimination step in the amino acid moiety was demonstrated by reacting under low moisture conditions decarboxylated model Amadori compounds obtained by synthesis. The corresponding vinylogous compounds were only generated if β-proton was available, for example, styrene from the decarboxylated Amadori compound of phenylalanine. Therefore, it is suggested that this thermal pathway may be common to other amino acids, resulting under certain conditions in their respective vinylogous reaction products.
