74404-33-4Relevant articles and documents
Regioselectivity of the ortho- and para-semidine, and diphenyline rearrangements
Yang, Zhanhui,Hou, Shili,He, Wei,Cheng, Baoxiang,Jiao, Peng,Xu, Jiaxi
, p. 2186 - 2195 (2016/04/09)
The regioselectivity of the o-semidine, p-semidine, and diphenyline rearrangements of unsymmetrical N,N′-diarylhydrazines was studied experimentally. The results indicate that their electron-rich nitrogen atom is first protonated and then the electron-poor non-protonated nitrogen atom undergoes an N[1,3]-sigmatropic shift to the ortho-position of the electron-rich aryl rings, generating key intermediates. The intermediates can undergo (1) a direct proton transfer to give o-semidines, (2) a second N[1,3]-shift of the electron-poor nitrogen atom and then proton transfer to furnish p-semidines, and (3) a [3,3]-sigmatropic shift and subsequent proton transfer to yield diphenylines. It is the first N[1,3]-sigmatropic shift step that plays an important role in controlling the regioselectivity in the three rearrangements, further determining the structures of o-semidines, p-semidines, and diphenylines. The current results provide new insights into the o/p-semidine and diphenyline rearrangements and useful information for controlling and predicting the structures of the rearrangement products.
"1,4" Alkyl Migrations in Fischer Indole Cyclizations
Miller, Bernard,Matjeka, Edward R.
, p. 4772 - 4780 (2007/10/02)
The product from Fisher indole cyclization and dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone 2,4,6-trimethylphenylhydrazone (1) was determined to be 2,3,4-trimethylcarbazole (3) resulting from a formal 1,4-methyl migration, as previously proposed.To determine the destinations of migrating groups in these rearrangements, the Fischer indole cyclization and dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone 2-ethyl-6-methylphenylhydrazone (17) were studied.The products obtained were 1-ethylcarbazole, 1-methylcarbazole, 2-ethyl-1-methylcarbazole (18), and an apparent mixture of 1-ethyl-4-methylcarbazole (21) and 4-ethyl-1-methylcarbazole (22).However, no 1-ethyl-2-methylcarbazole (19), which would have been obtained by a "1,4"-methyl migration, was obtained.Analysis of the product ratios suggested that the apparent ethyl shift in formation of 18 actually proceeded by a formal shift of either an ethyl or a methyl group, followed by a ethyl shift.Cyclization of 3-pentanone 2,4,6-trimethylphenylhydrazone (26) proceeded to give the product of "1,4" methyl migration, demonstrating that such reactions can occur with phenylhydrazones of ketones other than cyclohexanone.It is proposed that steric factors play a major role in determining whether migrating groups undergo or "1,4" shifts during Fischer indole cyclizations.