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Usage

Uses

Used in Analytical Chemistry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as an analytical reagent for the detection and determination of manganese and iron.
Used in Photography:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a photographic fixing agent, reducing agent, oxidizer, and bleacher. It also serves as a reducer and retarder in photography.
Used in Textile Industry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as an oxidizing agent and initiator in the textile industry, particularly during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer.
Used in Chemical Industry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a raw material for producing persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. It also acts as an inhibitor of polymerization in organic polymers and an initiator during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer.
Used in Food Industry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a food preservative, oxidizing agent, and initiator of high-molecular polymer. It is also used as a bleaching agent for food starch, with a maximum usage of 0.075% and in combination with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%.
Used in Soap and Detergent Industry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a bleaching agent in the soap and detergent industry.
Used in Oil Industry:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction.
Used in Food-grade Applications:
Ammonium persulfate is used as a modifier of wheat and brewer's yeast mildew. It is also used as a flour modifier (Limited ≤0.3g/kg, the Japanese standard, 1999) and as a fungicide for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (limit 0.1%, FAO/WHO, 1984).
Used in Animal Chemistry:
Ammonium persulfate is used in animal chemistry chiefly for the detection and determination of manganese.

Outline

Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization. Ammonium persulfate is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated. People should pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion.

Production methods

It can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized. Electrolytic process Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode. Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8 Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑ (NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4

Acute oral toxicity

Rat LD50: 689 mg/kg; intraperitoneal-rat LD50: 226 mg/kg.

Explosive hazardous characteristics

It is strong oxidant, it can explode when mixed with reducing agent, sulfur, phosphorus etc; it can explode when be heated, impacted, and meet fire.

Flammability hazard characteristics

It can decompose of oxygen when high heat; it can generate toxic nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ammonia fumes when heated.

Storage characteristics

Treasury should have ventilation and low-temperature drying; loading and unloading should be light; it should be stored separately with organic matter, reducing agents, sulfur, phosphorus combustibles.

Extinguishing agent

Mist of water, sand.

Professional standards

TWA 2 mg/m3.

Air & Water Reactions

Soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate [Mellor 10:464 1946-47]. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently, [Mellor, 1947, Vol. 10, 470].

Hazard

Fire risk in contact with reducers.

Health Hazard

Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with dust irritates eyes and causes skin rash.

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

Contact allergens

Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents, and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, (mainly) nonimmunologic contact urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. People reacting to ammonium persulfate also react to other persulfates such as potassium persulfate.

Safety Profile

Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents. Releases oxygen when heated. Mxtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75℃, or contact with CO2 or water. Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts. Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx.

Potential Exposure

It is used as a bleaching agent, in photographic chemicals, and to make dyes. It is also used as an ingredient of polymerization catalysts.

Shipping

UN1444 Ammonium persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer

Purification Methods

Recrystallise it at room temperature from EtOH/water. It gradually loses NH3 on exposure to air. Its solubility is 0.5g/mL at 20o, and 2g/mL at 100o.

Incompatibilities

Decomposes in water and moist air, forming oxygen gas. A strong oxidizer; reacts with reducing agents; organic and combustible materials. Incompatible with heat, sodium peroxide (produces a friction-, heat-, and water-sensitive explosive); aluminum powder.

Waste Disposal

May be treated with large volumes of water, neutralized and flushed to sewer. This applies to small quantities only.

InChI:InChI=1/2H3N.H2O5S/c;;1-5-6(2,3)4/h2*1H3;1H,(H,2,3,4)