77327-05-0Relevant articles and documents
Bacterial biosynthesis and maturation of the didemnin anti-cancer agents
Xu, Ying,Kersten, Roland D.,Nam, Sang-Jip,Lu, Liang,Al-Suwailem, Abdulaziz M.,Zheng, Huajun,Fenical, William,Dorrestein, Pieter C.,Moore, Bradley S.,Qian, Pei-Yuan
supporting information; experimental part, p. 8625 - 8632 (2012/07/13)
The anti-neoplastic agent didemnin B from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum was the first marine drug to be clinically tested in humans. Because of its limited supply and its complex cyclic depsipeptide structure, considerable challenges were encountered during didemnin B's development that continue to limit aplidine (dehydrodidemnin B), which is currently being evaluated in numerous clinical trials. Herein we show that the didemnins are bacterial products produced by the marine α-proteobacteria Tistrella mobilis and Tistrella bauzanensis via a unique post-assembly line maturation process. Complete genome sequence analysis of the 6,513,401 bp T. mobilis strain KA081020-065 with its five circular replicons revealed the putative didemnin biosynthetic gene cluster (did) on the 1,126,962 bp megaplasmid pTM3. The did locus encodes a 13-module hybrid non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase enzyme complex organized in a collinear arrangement for the synthesis of the fatty acylglutamine ester derivatives didemnins X and Y rather than didemnin B as first anticipated. Imaging mass spectrometry of T. mobilis bacterial colonies captured the time-dependent extracellular conversion of the didemnin X and Y precursors to didemnin B, in support of an unusual post-synthetase activation mechanism. Significantly, the discovery of the didemnin biosynthetic gene cluster may provide a long-term solution to the supply problem that presently hinders this group of marine natural products and pave the way for the genetic engineering of new didemnin congeners.
Total synthesis of the didemnins; IV. Synthesis of the peptolide ring and construction of the side chain
Schmidt,Kroner,Griesser
, p. 294 - 300 (2007/10/02)
A total synthesis of didemnins A, B, and C (1-3) which enables these highly cytotoxic cyclopeptides to be prepared in decigram amounts is described. The β-keto acid unit (hydroxyisovaleryl)propionic acid derivative (Hip, 6) was prepared by acylation of dibenzyl methylmalonate and subsequent cleavage of the benzyl groups by the action of boron trichloride. The free β-keto acid 6 was activated by the DCC method and allowed to react with the leucine ester 7 to furnish the amide 8. Activation, deprotection, and ring closure of the linear peptide 19 by means of the pentafluorophenyl ester method in a two-phase system gave rise to the didemnin ring skeleton in 75% yield within a few minutes. The respective side chains were then attached to the didemnin ring easily and in high yields by activation of Z-(R)-N-methylleucine as its 3-cyano-2-pyridylthiol ester followed by reaction with Z-lactylproline chloride and Z-lactic acid chloride.
Efficient total synthesis of didemnins A and B
Hamada,Kondo,Shibata,Shioiri
, p. 669 - 673 (2007/10/02)
Didemnins A and B (1 and 2), cytotoxic cyclic peptides from a Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum, have been efficiently prepared by a convergent scheme from two key eastern and western fragments. Efficient routes to derivatives of the constituents of didemnis were explored. Benzyl (2RS,4S)-[O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydroxyisovaleryl]propionate (Hip derivative) was prepared from 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid by use of C-acylation of Meldrum's acid with diethyl phosphorocyanidate as a key step. Derivatives of (3S,4R,5S)-isostatine (Ist) were prepared from Boc-(R)-alloisoleucine. Methylation of Boc-(R)-Leu-OH and Z-(S)-Tyr-OH respectively afforded the corresponding N-methyl and N,O-dimethyl derivatives. The key eastern fragment, (2RS,4S)-Hip-(S)-Leu-(S)-Pro-OBzl (3), was prepared stepwise from (S)-Pro-OBzl, while Boc-(R)-MeLeu-(S)-Thr[Z-(S)-MeTyr(Me)]-(3S,4R,5S)-Ist(TBDMS)-OH (4), the key western fragment for didemnin A (1), was prepared from Ist derivatives. Coupling of 3 with 4 and cyclization, followed by deprotection, afforded didemnin A (1), which was converted to didemnin B (2).
