78776-51-9Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Structural transformations of the synthetic salt 4', 7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride in acid and basic aqueous solutions. Part 1 - Ground state
Pina, Fernando,Benedito, Lina,Melo, Maria Joao,Parola,Lima, Joao C.,Macanita, Antonio L.
, p. 111 - 118 (2007/10/03)
A complete study of the structural pH dependent transformations of the synthetic flavylium salt 4',7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride (DHF). occurring in aqueous solutions, including the basic region, is described. The kinetic study of the transformations occuring in acidic media (quinoidal base (A) ? flavylium cation (AFT) ? hemiacetal (B) ? cis-chalcone (Ctrans) ? trans-chalcone (Ctrans)) allowed to conclude that the cis-trans isomerization is faster than the tautomerization and the hydration processes, which is unique in the anthocyanins family. Results obtained with the parent compound 4",7dimethoxyflavylium chloride (DMF) with relevance to this study are also presented. In equilibrated basic solutions the existence of acid-base equilibria involving the trans-Chalcone (Ctrans) and its conjugated bases. (C transand C2trans), was detected. Freshly prepared solutions at pH >7 show also the presence of a transient species identified as the ionized quinoidal base (A-), which is almost completely converted into C2-trans with a pH dependent rate constant. Springer-Verlag Iherica 1997.
Photochromism of the synthetic 4′,7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride
Figueiredo, Paulo,Lima, Jo?o C.,Santos, Helena,Wigand, Marie-Claude,Brouillard, Raymond,Ma?anita, António L.,Pina, Fernando
, p. 1249 - 1254 (2007/10/02)
The synthetic compound 4′,7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride shows an interesting photochromic effect at moderately acidic pH values. Pale yellow solutions of this compound, equilibrated in the dark at pH 3.4, become bright yellow upon irradiation with 313-nm light. Switching off the light, gives back the initial pale yellow solution. Photochemical methods, 1H NMR, and molecular orbital calculations were used to elucidate this photochromic behavior. In solutions equilibrated in the dark (pH 5.7), the existence of two main species in equilibrium is demonstrated: the colored flavylium cation and the colorless trans-chalcone. Freshly prepared solutions of this compound at pH 6.2 reveal the existence of another colored form, the quinonoidal base, which reacts thermally to yield trans-chalcone. An analogous reaction takes place in freshly prepared solutions at pH 3.4: the flavylium cation is partially converted into trans-chalcone. The extent of such conversion is pH dependent and nearly complete at pH 6.2. Irradiation of transchalcone at the wavelength of 313 nm partially gives back the initial colored form, with concomitant formation of small amounts of photodegradation products. The turnover of the photochromic reaction is greater at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.2. The photochromism is explained on the basis of a trans-cis photoisomerization. In fact the relative stability of the two chalcone isomers is reversed in the excited state, as predicted from molecular orbital calculations.
