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Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Tiagabine is utilized as an anticonvulsant medication for the treatment of partial seizures. It functions by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which aids in reducing abnormal electrical activity and the occurrence of seizures. This medication is typically prescribed in combination with other seizure-controlling drugs to enhance their effectiveness.

Upstream product

• 108-31-6 maleic anhydride 
• 99-88-7 4-Isopropylaniline 
• 1089327-68-3 (Z)-4-((4-isopropylphenyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Dual organic dyes as a pseudo-redox mediation system to promotion of tandem oxidation /[3+2] cycloaddition reactions under visible light

An atom- and step-economy protocol has been developed to synthesize some new biologically active pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline alkaloids via redox mediation system under visible light irradiation. A vast variety of double and triple bonds, as dipolarophiles, treated with in situ generated azomethine ylides to prepare corresponding products in good to excellent yields. This metal-free method effectively promoted oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative/aromatization domino reaction without further oxidant using dual organic dyes as pseudo-redox mediation system. Besides, for most of the products, product precipitate was readily separated from reaction media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of dual dyes as a pseudo-redox mediation system.

Alizarin red S-TiO2-catalyzed cascade C(sp3)-H to C(sp2)-H bond formation/cyclization reactions toward tetrahydroquinoline derivatives under visible light irradiation

A very low amount of organic dye (Alizarin red S) sensitized TiO2 and it was successfully used to catalyze cascade C(sp3)-H to C(sp2)-H bond formation/cyclization reactions under visible light irradiation. The modified TiO2 photocatalyst efficiently, for the first time, advanced [4+2] cyclization of N,N-dimethylanilines and maleimides to the corresponding tetrahydroquinolines in air atmosphere. The reaction proceeds through α-amino radicals without additional oxidant at ambient temperature to afford products in good to excellent yields.

Solvent-free and room temperature visible light-induced C-H activation: CdS as a highly efficient photo-induced reusable nano-catalyst for the C-H functionalization cyclization of: T -amines and C-C double and triple bonds

Nano-sized CdS was successfully prepared, fully characterized and applied as a highly efficient reusable photocatalyst for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolone and pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-8-carboxylate derivatives through a condensation reaction of N,N-dimethylanilines or alkyl 2-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetates with maleimides via a C-H activation approach under benign and eco-friendly conditions at room temperature without using any solvent and oxidant under visible light irradiation. Besides, the prepared photocatalyst has been successfully applied for the condensation reaction of N,N-dimethylanilines with alkyl but-2-ynedioates or phenyl acetylenes for the synthesis of novel 1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,4-dicarboxylate and aryl-1,2-dihydroquinoline derivatives for the first time. Using this method, all favourable products were obtained in good yields and relatively short reaction times under benign conditions with the application of visible light irradiation, a renewable energy source. The catalyst was easily recovered and reused several times without any loss of its activity.

Potent Nematicidal Activity of Maleimide Derivatives on Meloidogyne incognita

Different maleimide derivatives were synthesized and assayed for their in vitro activity on the soil inhabiting, plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita, also known as root-knot nematode. The compounds maleimide, N-ethylmaleimide, N-isopropylmaleimide, and N-isobutylmaleimide showed the strongest nematicidal activity on the second stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode with EC50/72h values of 2.6 ± 1.3, 5.1 ± 3.4, 16.2 ± 5.4, and 19.0 ± 9.0 mg/L, respectively. We also determined the nematicidal activity of copper sulfate, finding an EC50 value of 48.6 ± 29.8 mg/L. When maleimide at 1 mg/L was tested in combination with copper sulfate at 50 mg/L, we observed 100% mortality of the nematodes. We performed a GC-MS metabolomics analysis after treating nematodes with maleimide at 8 mg/L for 24 h. This analysis revealed altered fatty acids and diglyceride metabolites such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 1-monopalmitin. Our results suggest that maleimide may be used as a new interesting building block for developing new nematicides in combination with copper salts.

Access to indoles via Diels-Alder reactions of 2-vinylpyrroles with maleimides

(Chemical Equation Presented) Variously substituted 2-vinylpyrroles underwent an endo-addition [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with maleimides followed by a spontaneous highly diastereoselective (93-98% de) isomerization to give tetrahydroindoles in moderate to excellent yield. Treatment with activated MnO2 in refluxing toluene provided the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yield. This highly convergent methodology for formation of indoles is versatile and the starting materials are conveniently prepared.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of N-substituted maleimide derivatives as selective monoglyceride lipase inhibitors

The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) plays a major role in many physiological processes, and its action is quickly terminated via enzymatic hydrolysis catalyzed by monoglyceride lipase (MGL). Regulating its endogenous level could offer therapeutic opportunities; however, few selective MGL inhibitors have been described so far. Here, we describe the synthesis of N-substituted maleimides and their pharmacological evaluation on the recombinant human fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and on the purified human MGL. A few N-arylmaleimides were previously described (Saario, S. M.; Salo, O. M.; Nevalainen, T.; Poso, A.; Laitinen, J. T.; Jarvinen, T.; Niemi, R. Characterization of the Sulfhydryl-Sensitive Site in the Enzyme Responsible for Hydrolysis of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Rat Cerebellar Membranes. Chem. Biol. 2005, 12, 649-656) as MGL inhibitors, and along these lines, we present a new set of maleimide derivatives that showed low micromolar IC50 and high selectivity toward MGL vs FAAH. Then, structure-activity relationships have been investigated and, for instance, 1-biphenyl-4-ylmethylmaleimide inhibits MGL with an IC50 value of 790 nM. Furthermore, rapid dilution experiments reveal that these compounds act as irreversible inhibitors. In conclusion, N-substituted maleimides constitute a promising class of potent and selective MGL inhibitors.

Process for preparation of N-substituted maleimides

N-substituted maleimide represented by formula (2): STR1 is produced from N-substituted maleamic acid monoester represented by formula (1): STR2 in the presence of an acid catalyst by elmination of an alcohol from the monoester. The above N-substituted maleamic acid monoester represented by formula (1) is produced by esterification of N-substituted maleamic acid represented by formula (3): STR3 with an alcohol R2 -OH in the represence of an acid catalyst.