80916-57-0Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Surprising formation of highly substituted azulenes on thermolysis of 4,5,6,7,8-pentamethyl-2h-eyelohepta[b]furan-2-one and heptalene formation with the new azulenes
Lellek, Vit,Hansen, Hans-Juergen
, p. 1712 - 1736 (2007/10/03)
Heating of 4,5,6,7,8-pentamethyl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one (1a) in decalin at temperatures > 170° leads to the development of a blue color, typical for azulenes. It belongs, indeed, to two formed azulenes, namely 4,5,6,7,8-pentamethyl-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylphenyl)azulene (4a) and 4,5,6,7,8-pentamethylazulene (5a) (cf. Scheme 2 and Table 1). As a third product, 4,5,6,7-tetramethyl-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylphenyl)-1H-indene (6a) is also found in the reaction mixture. Neither 4,6,8-trimethyl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one (1b) nor 2Hcyclohepta[b]furan-2-one (1c) exhibit, on heating, such reactivity. However, heating of mixtures 1a/1b or 1a/1c results in the formation of crossed azulenes, namely 4,6,8-trimethyl-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylphenyl)azulene (4ba) and 2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylphenyl)azulene (4ca), respectively (cf. Scheme 3). The formation of small amounts of 4,6,8-trimethylazulene (5ba) and azulene (5ca), respectively, besides 1H-indene 6a is also observed. The observed product types speak for an [8 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction between two molecules of la or between 1b and 1c, respectively, with 1a, whereby la plays in the latter two cases the part of the two-atom component (cf. Figs. 5-7 and Schemes 4-6). Strain release, due to the five adjacent Me groups in 1a, in the [8+2]cycloaddition step seems to be the driving force for these transformations (cf. Table3), which are further promoted by the consecutive loss of two molecules of CO2 and concomitant formation of the 10π-electron system of the azulenes. The new azulenes react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) to form the corresponding dimethyl heptalene-4,5-dicarboxylates 20, 22, and 24 (cf. Scheme 7), which give thermally or photochemically the corresponding double-bond-shifted (DBS) isomers 20′, 22′, and 24′, respectively. The five adjacent Me groups in 20/20′ and 24/24′ exert a certain buttressing effect, whereby their thermal DBS process is distinctly retarded in comparison to 22/22′, which carry 'isolated' Me groups at C(6), C(8), and C(10). This view is supported by X-ray crystal-structure analyses of 22 and 24 (cf Fig. 8 and Table 5).
