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Upstream product

• 615-43-0 2-iodophenylamine 
• 94839-07-3 3,4-(methylenedioxy)-benzeneboronic acid 
• 615-36-1 2-bromoaniline 

Downstream Products

• 1360593-35-6 C₂₀H₁₇NO₄S 
• 40141-86-4 [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-j]-6(5H)-phenanthridinone 
• 1426813-12-8 5-tosyl-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-j]phenanthridin-6(5H)-one 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Prodrug Activation by Gold Artificial Metalloenzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Phenanthridinium Derivatives via Hydroamination

An emerging approach in the field of targeted drug delivery is the establishment of abiotic metal-triggered prodrug mechanisms that can control the release of bioactive drugs. Currently, the design of prodrugs that use abiotic metals as a trigger relies heavily on uncaging strategies. Here, we introduce a strategy based on the gold-catalyzed activation of a phenanthridinium-based prodrug via hydroamination under physiological conditions. To make the prodrug strategy biocompatible, a gold artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) based on human serum albumin, rather than the free gold metal complex, was used as a trigger for prodrug activation. The albumin-based gold ArM protected the catalytic activity of the bound gold metal even in the presence of up to 1 mM glutathione in vitro. The drug synthesized via the gold ArM exerted a therapeutic effect in cell-based assays, highlighting the potential usefulness of the gold ArM in anticancer applications.

4CzIPN-tBu-Catalyzed Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer for Photosynthesis of Phosphorylated N-Heteroaromatics

2,4,5,6-Tetrakis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN-tBu) was developed as a photocatalyst for the phosphorus-radical-initiated cascade cyclization reaction of isocyanides. By using 4CzIPN-tBu as catalyst, we developed a visible-light-induced proton-coupled electron transfer strategy for the generation of phosphorus-centered radicals, via which a wide range of phosphorylated phenanthridines, quinolines, and benzothiazoles were successfully constructed.

Direct photoexcitation of benzothiazolines: Acyl radical generation and application to access heterocycles

An acyl radical generation and functionalization strategy through direct photoexcitation of benzothiazolines has been developed. The formed acyl radical species can either be trapped by quinoxalin-2-ones to realize their C(3)-H functionalization or trigger a cascade radical cyclization with isonitriles to synthesise biologically important phenanthridines. The synthetic value of this protocol can be further illustrated by the modification of quinoxalin-2-ones, containing important natural products and drug-based complex molecules.

Metal-free tandem carbene N-H insertions and C-C bond cleavages

A metal-free C-H [5 + 1] annulation reaction of 2-arylanilines with diazo compounds has been achieved, giving rise to two types of prevalent phenanthridines via highly selective C-C cleavage. Compared to the simple N-H insertion manipulation of diazo, this method elegantly accomplishes a tandem N-H insertion/SEAr/C-C cleavage/aromatization reaction, and the synthetic utility of this new transformation is exemplified by the succinct syntheses of trisphaeridine and bicolorine alkaloids. This journal is

Visible-Light-Driven Difluoromethylation of Isocyanides with S-(Difluoromethyl)diarylsulfonium Salt: Access to a Wide Variety of Difluoromethylated Phenanthridines and Isoquinolines

A highly efficient approach of visible-light-driven radical difluoromethylation of isocyanides to access a wide variety of difluoromethylated phenanthridines and isoquinolines is herein described. Electrophilic S-(difluoromethyl)diarylsulfonium salt proved to be a good difluoromethyl radical precursor under photoredox catalysis. A broad range of isocyanides were tolerated to furnish the corresponding difluoromethylated phenanthridines, isoquinolines, furo[3,2-c]pyridine, and pyrido[3,4-b]indole in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. A plausible mechanism was also proposed.

Metal- and additive-free cascade trifluoroethylation/cyclization of organic isoselenocyanates by phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflate

A novel and convenient cascade trifluoroethylation/cyclization of organic isoselenocyanates by phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflate is reported. A series of 2-isoselenocyanobiaryls and aryl alkyl isoselenocyanates reacted with phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflate in CH2Cl2 at 40 °C under metal- and additive-free conditions for 3 h to provide the corresponding trifluoroethylselenolated phenanthridines and 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives in good to excellent yields. The reaction represents the first general approach to access trifluoroethylselenolated phenanthridines and 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines from organic isoselenocyanates.

Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp2)-H Allylation of Biphenyl Amines with Unbiased Terminal Olefins

Unactivated olefins usually react poorly in conventional alkenylation reactions. Their introduction via C-H activation is limited to aromatic acids. Herein, we disclose a C-H functionalization protocol of aromatic amines with unactivated olefins, which shows exclusive allylic selectivity for the distal ring of the biphenyl system by exploiting a readily available cobalt(II) catalyst. The allylation proceeds smoothly involving a broad set of unbiased olefins and biaryls, giving access to the functionalization of the biphenyl scaffold.

Pd/Cu-Catalyzed aerobic oxidative aromatic C-H bond activation/N-dealkylative carbonylation towards the synthesis of phenanthridinones

It is important to achieve diverse functionalization of tertiary anilines due to their importance in biological molecules, pharmaceutical, functional materials, and ligands. A straightforward Pd/Cu-catalyzed oxidative C-H bond activation/N-dealkylative carbonylation of tertiary [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-anilines towards the synthesis of various biologically important phenanthridin-6(5H)-ones has been developed. A wide range of functional groups are well tolerated in this transformation. Moreover, O2 is utilized as the terminal oxidant to promote the oxidative carbonylation process.

Synthesis of 6-(arylthio)phenanthridines by copper-catalyzed tandem reactions of 2-biaryl isothiocyanates with diaryliodonium salts

A novel copper-catalyzed tandem C-S/C-C bond-forming reaction of 2-biaryl isothiocyanates with diaryliodonium salts was developed. This is the first general approach to synthesize phenanthridines from 2-biaryl isothiocyanates. This methodology has been successfully applied to the synthesis of trisphaeridine.

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative insertion of carbon monoxide to N -sulfonyl-2-aminobiaryls through C-H bond activation: Access to bioactive phenanthridinone derivatives in one pot

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of N-sulfonyl-2-aminobiaryls through C-H bond activation and C-C, C-N bond formation under TFA-free and milder conditions has been developed. The reaction tolerates a variety of substrates and provides biologically important phenanthridinone derivatives in yields up to 94%.