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9005-49-6

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9005-49-6 Usage

Description

Parnaparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin obtained from bovine mucosal heparin by chemical depolymerization. It has more potent antithrombotic and profibrinolytic activity than heparin evidenced by its higher activity in inhibiting factor Xa and in reducing plasma activity of platelet activator inhibitor. It is effective in improving the venous blood outflow of lower limbs in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients in addition to preventing DVT following orthopaedic surgery, reportedly without causing bleeding complications. Parnaparin has also shown efficacy in inflammatory occlusive complications of postphlebitic syndrome and in acute myocardial infarction.

Chemical Properties

White or pale-colored amorphous powder; nearly odorless; hygroscopic. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, benzene, acetone, chloroform, and ether; pH in 17% solution between 5.0 and 7.5.

Originator

Opocrin (Italy)

Occurrence

Heparin is a complex organic acid (mucopolysaccharide) present in mammalian tissues and a strong inhibitor of blood coagulation. Although the precise formula and structure of heparin are uncertain, it has been suggested that the formula for sodium heparinate, generally the form of the drug used in anticoagulant therapy, is (C12H16N2Na3)20 with a molecular weight of about 12,000. The commercial drug is derived from animal livers or lungs.

Uses

Medicine (anticoagulant), biochemical research, rodenticides.

Definition

Different sources of media describe the Definition of 9005-49-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. A complex organic acid (mucopolysaccharide) present in mammalian tissues; a strong inhibitor of blood coagulation; a dextrorotatory polysaccharide built up from hexosamine and hexuronic acid units containing sulfuric acid ester groups. Precise chemical fo
2. A POLYSACCHARIDE that inhibits the formation of thrombin from prothrombin and thereby prevents the clotting of blood. It is used in medicine as an anticoagulant.
3. heparin: A glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide)with anticoagulantproperties, occurring in vertebratetissues, especially the lungs andblood vessels.

Manufacturing Process

5,000 pounds of beef intestine was introduced into a stainless steel reactor, jacketed with thermostated water and steam. 200 gallons of water and 10 gallons of chloroform were added. The mixture was agitated, the temperature was raised to 90°F and the agitation stopped. 5 gallons of toluene was added and the vessel closed. Autolysis was continued for 17 hours. The extractant solution, consisting of 30 gallons of glacial acetic acid, 35 gallons of 30% aqueous ammonia, 50% sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to 9.6 at 80°F and water to make 300 gallons, was added to the tissue. With agitation, the temperature was raised to 60°C and held there for 2 hours. Then steam was applied and the temperature was raised to boiling. 200 pounds of coarse filter aid (perlite) was added and the mixture filtered through a string discharge vacuum filter. The cake was washed with 200 gallons of hot water on the filter. The filtrate was allowed to stand overnight and the fat skimmed off the top. After cooling to 100°F, the filtrate was transferred to a tank with thermostated water and the temperature set at 95° to 100°F. 24 gallons of pancreatic extract, prepared as described above, was added in 4-gallon increments every 12 hours for 3 days. The batch was brought to a boil and cooled to room temperature. The batch was then filtered into a vessel and assayed for heparin content. 40,000,000 units were found in 1,000 gallons of filtrate. 20 kg of noctylamine was added and 105 pounds of glacial acetic acid was added to bring the pH to 6.5. 20 gallons of methyl isobutyl ketone was added and the whole mixture was vigorously agitated for 1 hour. The mixture was then allowed to stand overnight. The clear, aqueous phase was drained off and discarded. The grayish-brown interphase was then removed, together with a small amount of the ketone phase, and transferred into a small kettle. The interphase volume was 7 gallons. 30 gallons of methanol was added and the mixture warmed to 120°F and then the pH was adjusted to 9.0. The mixture was then allowed to settle overnight. The solids were collected with vacuum and washed with 5 gallons of methanol. The cake was then suspended in 5 gallons of water and the heparin precipitated with 10 gallons of methanol. The solids were collected under vacuum. The dry weight of the cake was 1,000 grams and the total units were 38,000,000, according to US Patent 2,884,358.

Brand name

Liquaemin Sodium (Organon); Panheprin (Hospira);Fluxum.

Therapeutic Function

Anticoagulant

Biological Functions

Heparin (heparin sodium) is a mixture of highly electronegative acidic mucopolysaccharides that contain numerous N- and O-sulfate linkages. It is produced by and can be released from mast cells and is abundant in liver, lungs, and intestines.

Hazard

May cause internal bleeding.

Mechanism of action

The anticoagulation action of heparin depends on the presence of a specific serine protease inhibitor (serpin) of thrombin, antithrombin III, in normal blood. Heparin binds to antithrombin III and induces a conformational change that accelerates the interaction of antithrombin III with the coagulation factors. Heparin also catalyzes the inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor II, a circulating inhibitor. Smaller amounts of heparin are needed to prevent the formation of free thrombin than are needed to inhibit the protease activity of clot-bound thrombin. Inhibition of free thrombin is the basis of low-dose prophylactic therapy.

Pharmacology

The physiological function of heparin is not completely understood. It is found only in trace amounts in normal circulating blood. It exerts an antilipemic effect by releasing lipoprotein lipase from endothelial cells; heparinlike proteoglycans produced by endothelial cells have anticoagulant activity. Heparin decreases platelet and inflammatory cell adhesiveness to endothelial cells, reduces the release of platelet-derived growth factor, inhibits tumor cell metastasis, and exerts an antiproliferative effect on several types of smooth muscle. Therapy with heparin occurs in an inpatient setting. Heparin inhibits both in vitro and in vivo clotting of blood. Whole blood clotting time and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are prolonged in proportion to blood heparin concentrations.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic profiles of heparin and LMWHs are quite different. Whereas heparin is only 30% absorbed following subcutaneous injection, 90% of LMWH is systemically absorbed. The binding affinity of heparin to various protein receptors, such as those on plasma proteins, endothelial cells, platelets, platelet factor 4 (PF4), and macrophages, is very high and is related to the high negative-charged density of heparin. This high nonspecific binding decreases bioavailability and patient variability. Additionally, heparin's nonspecific binding may account for heparin's narrow therapeutic window and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a major limitation of heparin. These same affinities are quite low, however, in the case of LMWHs. These parameters explain several of the benefits of the LMWH's. The favorable absorption kinetics and low protein binding affinity of the LMWHs results in a greater bioavailability compared with heparin. The lowered affinity of LMWHs for PF4 seems to correlate with a reduced incidence of HIT. Heparin is subject to fast zero-order metabolism in the liver, followed by slower first-order clearance from the kidneys. The LMWHs are renally cleared and follow first-order kinetics. This makes the clearance of LMWHs more predictable as well as resulting in a prolonged half-life. Finally, the incidence of heparin-mediated osteoporosis is significantly diminished with use of LMWHs as opposed to heparin.

Clinical Use

#N/A

Side effects

The major adverse reaction resulting from heparin therapy is hemorrhage. Bleeding can occur in the urinary or gastrointestinal tract and in the adrenal gland. Subdural hematoma, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, hemarthrosis, and wound ecchymosis also occur. The incidence of life-threatening hemorrhage is low but variable. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia of immediate and delayed onset may occur in 3 to 30% of patients. The immediate type is transient and may not involve platelet destruction, while the delayed reaction involves the production of heparin-dependent antiplatelet antibodies and the clearance of platelets from the blood. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia may be associated with irreversible aggregation of platelets (white clot syndrome). Additional untoward effects of heparin treatment include hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., rash, urticaria, pruritus), fever, alopecia, hypoaldosteronism, osteoporosis, and osteoalgia.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs Analgesics: increased risk of bleeding with NSAIDs - avoid concomitant use with IV diclofenac; increased risk of haemorrhage with ketorolac - avoid. Nitrates: anticoagulant effect reduced by infusions of glyceryl trinitrate. Use with care in patients receiving oral anticoagulants, platelet aggregation inhibitors, aspirin or dextran.

Metabolism

Heparin is prescribed on a unit (IU) rather than milligram basis. The dose must be determined on an individual basis. Heparin is not absorbed after oral administration and therefore must be given parenterally. Intravenous administration results in an almost immediate anticoagulant effect. There is an approximate 2-hour delay in onset of drug action after subcutaneous administration. Intramuscular injection of heparin is to be avoided because of unpredictable absorption rates, local bleeding, and irritation. Heparin is not bound to plasma proteins or secreted into breast milk, and it does not cross the placenta. Heparin’s action is terminated by uptake and metabolism by the reticuloendothelial system and liver and by renal excretion of the unchanged drug and its depolymerized and desulfated metabolite. The relative proportion of administered drug that is excreted as unchanged heparin increases as the dose increases. Renal insufficiency reduces the rate of heparin clearance from the blood.

Purification Methods

Most likely contaminants are mucopolysaccharides including heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Purify heparin by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride from saturated solutions of high ionic strength. [Cifonelli & Roden Biochemical Preparations 12 12 1968, Wolfrom et al. J Org Chem 29 540 1946, Huggard Adv Carbohydr Chem 10 336-368 1955]

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 9005-49-6 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,0 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9005-49:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*5)+(2*4)+(1*9)=86
86 % 10 = 6
So 9005-49-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C26H41NO34S4/c1-4(28)27-7-9(30)8(29)6(2-52-63(43,44)45)53-24(7)56-15-10(31)11(32)25(58-19(15)21(36)37)55-13-5(3-62(40,41)42)14(60-64(46,47)48)26(59-22(13)38)57-16-12(33)17(61-65(49,50)51)23(39)54-18(16)20(34)35/h5-19,22-26,29-33,38-39H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,27,28)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H,40,41,42)(H,43,44,45)(H,46,47,48)(H,49,50,51)/t5-,6+,7+,8+,9+,10+,11+,12-,13-,14+,15-,16-,17+,18+,19-,22-,23?,24+,25+,26-/m0/s1

9005-49-6SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 12, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 12, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name Heparin

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names thrombophob

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:9005-49-6 SDS

9005-49-6Synthetic route

heparin sodium salt

heparin sodium salt

heparin

heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Amberlit IR-124 In water at 36.85℃; Equilibrium constant; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Reagents;
C22H34N2O
1333107-97-3

C22H34N2O

heparin

heparin

retinoic acid-heparin conjugate

retinoic acid-heparin conjugate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In formamide; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 0.0833333h; microfluidics;95.3%
2-aminoethylfolic acid γ-amide
197151-85-2

2-aminoethylfolic acid γ-amide

C22H34N2O
1333107-97-3

C22H34N2O

heparin

heparin

folic acid-heparin-retinoic acid conjugate

folic acid-heparin-retinoic acid conjugate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In formamide; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 0.0833333h; microfluidics;90.2%
Propargylamine
2450-71-7

Propargylamine

heparin

heparin

propargylamine modified heparin

propargylamine modified heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In water at 20℃; for 48h; pH=6 - 6.5;78%
heparin

heparin

LMWH; N-deacetylated

LMWH; N-deacetylated

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrazinium sulfate; hydrazine In water at 95℃; for 16h;16%
heparin

heparin

rat serum albumin

rat serum albumin

albumin-heparin conjugate

albumin-heparin conjugate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In water at 4℃; for 24h; pH=5.0 - 7.6;
heparin sodium salt

heparin sodium salt

heparin

heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With Amberlit IR-124 In water at 36.85℃; Equilibrium constant; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Reagents;
poly(vinyl amine)

poly(vinyl amine)

hexanal
66-25-1

hexanal

heparin

heparin

poly(N-vinyl hexyl amine-co-N-vinyl heparin amine)

poly(N-vinyl hexyl amine-co-N-vinyl heparin amine)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
sodium cyanoborohydride In methanol; water for 48h;
heparin

heparin

O-desulfated heparin

O-desulfated heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: heparin With sodium tetrahydroborate In water at 25℃;
Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide pH=13; frozen and lyophilized to dryness;
hyaluronic acid (molecular weight 150.000 Dalton)

hyaluronic acid (molecular weight 150.000 Dalton)

heparin

heparin

heparin-Hy complex

heparin-Hy complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; sodium sulfate In water pH=1.48;
poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)

poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)

heparin

heparin

poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) With 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 5h;
Stage #2: heparin In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 4h;
2,6-Diaminopyridine
141-86-6

2,6-Diaminopyridine

heparin

heparin

2,6-diaminopyridinyl heparin

2,6-diaminopyridinyl heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 2.6-diaminopyridine; heparin In formamide at 50℃; for 6h;
Stage #2: With sodium cyanoborohydride In water; formamide at 50℃; for 24h;
heparin

heparin

C24H38N2O37S6

C24H38N2O37S6

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With heparinase I Enzymatic reaction;
2-aminoethylfolic acid γ-amide
197151-85-2

2-aminoethylfolic acid γ-amide

heparin

heparin

folic acid-heparin conjugate

folic acid-heparin conjugate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In formamide at 20℃; for 48h;
heparin

heparin

A

C12H20O14S
69861-32-1

C12H20O14S

B

C12H20O17S2
69180-27-4

C12H20O17S2

C

C12H20O17S2
119692-05-6

C12H20O17S2

D

C12H20O14S
646502-84-3

C12H20O14S

E

C12H20O14S
71487-52-0

C12H20O14S

F

C12H20O14S
71536-85-1

C12H20O14S

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: heparin With hydrazine
Stage #2: With cis-nitrous acid Further stages;
Spermine
71-44-3

Spermine

heparin

heparin

heparin (spermine)amide

heparin (spermine)amide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: heparin With 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In aq. buffer for 0.166667h; pH=5.54;
Stage #2: Spermine In aq. buffer for 2h; pH=5.54;
iron oxide

iron oxide

heparin

heparin

heparin coated superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles

heparin coated superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water for 2h;
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
919-30-2

3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane

heparin

heparin

3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane conjugated heparin

3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane conjugated heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In ethanol at 20℃; for 0.666667h;
6(I)-amino-6(I)-deoxycyclomaltoheptaose
29390-67-8

6(I)-amino-6(I)-deoxycyclomaltoheptaose

heparin

heparin

β-cyclodextrin-conjugated heparin

β-cyclodextrin-conjugated heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 20℃; for 24h;
2,2'-dithio-bis[ethylamine]
51-85-4

2,2'-dithio-bis[ethylamine]

heparin

heparin

heparin-cystamine conjugate

heparin-cystamine conjugate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: heparin With 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In aq. buffer at 20℃; for 0.333333h; pH=6;
Stage #2: 2,2'-dithio-bis[ethylamine] In aq. buffer for 24h; pH=7; Cooling with ice;
C37H45N3(2+)*2I(1-)

C37H45N3(2+)*2I(1-)

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium diiodide 1:1 complex

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium diiodide 1:1 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
C37H45N3(2+)*2I(1-)

C37H45N3(2+)*2I(1-)

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium diiodide 2:1 complex

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium diiodide 2:1 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
C36H42N3(1+)*I(1-)
1609656-27-0

C36H42N3(1+)*I(1-)

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium iodide 1:2 complex

heparin and 2-[5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium iodide 1:2 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:1 complex

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:1 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:2 complex

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:2 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

2-[3-(N-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadien-1-yl]-3-propylbenzothiazolium iodide

heparin

heparin

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:3 complex

heparin and 2-[3-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)-5-(3-propyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-propyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium diiodide 1:3 complex

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol; aq. phosphate buffer; water pH=7.34;
heparin

heparin

N-desulfated heparin

N-desulfated heparin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: heparin With pyridine In water at 20℃;
Stage #2: With dimethyl sulfoxide In water at 25℃;
heparin

heparin

butan-1-ol
71-36-3

butan-1-ol

A

n-butyl (2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-(n-butyl α-L-idopyranosid)uronate

n-butyl (2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-(n-butyl α-L-idopyranosid)uronate

B

n-butyl (2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-(n-butyl β-D-glucopyranosid)uronate

n-butyl (2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-(n-butyl β-D-glucopyranosid)uronate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; 2,2-dimethoxy-propane In water at 100℃; for 2h;

9005-49-6Upstream product

9005-49-6Relevant articles and documents

A new radiochemical method to investigate ion binding with polyelectrolytes

Kijewska, Ilona,Hawlicka, Ewa

, p. 1185 - 1191 (2005)

A new method for investigating the binding of ions with polyelectrolytes has been developed. This method, based on Donnan equilibrium and an isotope exchange between the electrolyte and polyelectrolyte, can distinguish territorial from specific binding of ions and can determine fractions of ions bound with the polyion. This method can determine ion binding with polyelectrolytes in a wide range of polyelectrolyte concentrations in multicomponent solutions. The method was tested with radioactive tracers 22Na+, 36Cl- and heparin sodium salt. The influence of the ionic strength on the Na+ binding with heparin was investigated at 310 K. In the limit of zero ionic strength, all Na+ ions are bound to heparin, but only 45% of them are exchangeable. Thus Na+ ions can be bound both territorially and specifically. The fraction of bound ions decreases rapidly with increasing ionic strength. The fraction of the specifically bound ions becomes negligible when the ionic strength exceeds 0.01 M, whereas the fraction of territorially bound ions can be neglected at ionic strengths higher than 0.45 M.

INDUCER FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF EMBRYO STEM CELLS INTO ECTODERMAL CELLS, METHOD OF OBTAINING THE SAME AND USE THEREOF

-

, (2008/06/13)

A method for obtaining a solution having activity to induce differentiation of an embryonic stem cell into an ectodermal cell or ectoderm-derived cell, which comprises culturing a stromal cell in a culture comprising a polyanionic compound and recovering the culture; a solution having activity to induce differentiation of an embryonic stem cell into an ectodermal cell or ectoderm-derived cell, which is obtainable by the method; and an agent for inducing differentiation of an embryonic stem cell into an ectodermal cell or ectoderm-derived cell.

Polymeric X-ray compositions containing iodinated polymeric beads

-

, (2008/06/13)

Disclosed are x-ray contrast compositions for oral or retrograde examination of the gastrointestinal tract comprising a polymeric material in combination with a divalent cation capable of forming a coating on the gastrointestinal tract and iodinated polymeric, water-insoluble beads having a particle size of from about 0.01 to about 1000μ wherein said iodinated polymeric beads comprise a polymer containing repeating units of the formula (I) STR1 wherein A is a repeating organic unit in the backbone chain of the polymer; and X is an organic moiety containing or iodinated eromatic group and a hydrophilic group, said moiety having an iodine content within the range of from about 40 to about 80 weight percent based or the molecular weight of X, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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