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Usage

Chemical Properties

yellow powder

Upstream product

• 553-26-4 4,4'-bipyridine 
• 112-89-0 1-Bromooctadecane 

Downstream Products

• 119108-94-0 1,1'-dioctadecyl-4,4'-bipyridindiium-bis{bis(cis-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethenedithiolato)niccolate} 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

The antibacterial activity of 4,4′-bipyridinium amphiphiles with conventional, bicephalic and gemini architectures

Dialkyl 4,4′-bipyridinium compounds are widely employed for their useful redox properties, and are commonly known as viologens due to their intense coloration upon reduction. Despite their prevalence and amphiphilic nature, the antibacterial activity of these compounds remains largely unreported. We have thus prepared a series of mono- and bis-alkylated analogs of 4,4′-bipyridine to investigate structure-activity relationships in their inhibition of a battery of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The prepared cationic compounds were conventional (one cationic head, one non-polar tail), bicephalic (two heads, one tail), or gemini (two heads, two tails) in their amphiphilic structure. Additionally, an isomeric series of six bis-alkylated compounds ranging from symmetric (PQ-11,11) to highly asymmetric (PQ-20,2) were prepared. Four themes of bioactivity emerged: (1) the most bioactive compounds were gemini in structure; (2) 22 carbons in the alkyl chains, with little to modest asymmetry, led to optimal activity; (3) bicephalic compounds were generally comparable to conventional amphiphiles, though only about 12 carbons in the alkyl chains were solubilized in water by each cationic nitrogen; (4) the effects of counterion identity were not evident between chlorides and bromides; however, the presence of the iodide counterion inhibited dissolution in all compounds tested. Three isomeric compounds with little to no asymmetry in tail length, PQ-11,11, PQ-12,10, and PQ-14,8, prepared as the bromide salts, showed comparable and highly potent activity, with MIC levels around 2 μM against 3 of 4 bacteria tested. The simple (one- to two-step) syntheses of potent antimicrobials portend well for future optimization.

Charge-Transfer Complexes of Metal Dithiolenes, IV. - Viologens as Redoxactive Acceptors - Synthesis and Electrical Conductivity

Title compounds of the type n+mm-n are prepared from viologens or realted bipyridylium halides GXn and mono- or dianionic metal dithiolenes m- (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, L = a substituted or unsubs

Photoredox Reactions in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. The Functions of Amphiphilic Viologens in Charge Separation and Electron Transfer across a Water-Oil Boundary

The photosensitized reduction of the series of dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salts, CnV2+, is examined in water-in-oil microemulsions, by using Ru(bpy)32+ as sensitizer and (NH4)3EDTA as electron donor.With the amphiphilic electron acceptors (n=8-18) the water-in-oil microemulsion media affect the charge separation of the initial encounter cage complex, 3+...CnV+.>, and stabilize the photoproducts, CnV+. and Ru(bpy)33+, against the recombination process.Consequently, enhanced quantum yields for CnV+. formation are observed under continuous illumination.