90457-75-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Carotenoids and carotenoid esters in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.): New insights into an ancient vegetable
Breitbaupt, Dietmar E.,Bamedi, Ameneh
, p. 7175 - 7181 (2002)
The carotenoid pattern of four yellow- and four white-fleshed potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.), common on the German market, was investigated using HPLC and LC(APCI)-MS for identification and quantification of carotenoids. In each case, the carotenoid pattern was dominated by violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which were present in different ratios, whereas neoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and β,β-carotene generally are only minor constituents. In contrast to literature data, antheraxanthin was found to be the only carotenoid epoxide present in native extracts. The total concentration of the four main carotenoids reached 175,ug/100 g, whereas the sum of carotenoid esters accounted for 41-131 μg/100 g. Therefore, carotenoid esters are regarded as quantitatively significant compounds in potatoes. For LC(APCI)-MS analyses of carotenoid esters, a two-stage cleanup procedure was developed, involving column chromatography on silica gel and enzymatic cleavage of residual triacylglycerides by lipases. This facilitated the direct identification of several potato carotenoid esters without previous isolation of the compounds. Although the unequivocal identification of all parent carotenoids was not possible, the cleanup procedure proved to be highly efficient for LC(APCI)-MS analyses of very low amounts of carotenoid esters.
Oxidative degradation of β-carotene and β-apo-8′-carotenal
Mordi, Raphael C.,Walton, John C.,Burton, Graham W.,Hughes, Lise,Ingold U., Keith,Lindsay A., David,Moffatt J., Douglas
, p. 911 - 928 (2007/10/02)
In the self-initiated oxidation of β-carotene with molecular oxygen the rate of oxygen uptake was shown to depend on the oxygen partial pressure. Epoxides, dihydrofurans, carbonyl compounds, carbon dioxide, oligomeric material, traces of alcohols, and probably carboxylic acids were formed. The main products in the early stage of the oxidation were shown to be 5,6-epoxy-β-carotene. 15,15′-epoxy-′-carotene, diepoxides, and a series of β-apo-carotenals and -carotenones. As the oxidation proceeded uncharacterised oligomeric material and the carbonyl compounds became more important and the epoxides degraded. In the final phase of the oxidation the longer chain β-apo-carotenals were themselves oxidized to shorter chain carbonyl compounds, particularly β-apo-13-carotenone, β-ionone, 5,6-epoxy-gb-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide and probably carboxylic acids. The effect of iron, copper and zinc stearates on the product composition and proportions was studied, as was the effect of light. The oxidation was inhibited by 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyphenol and α-tocopherol. The oxidations of β-apo-8′-carotenal and retinal under similar conditions were studied briefly, and the main products from the former compound were characterized. The initiation, the formation of the epoxides, the β-apo-carotenals and -carotenones, the successive chain shortening of the aldehydes to the ketones, and the formation of dihydroactinidiolide are explained in terms of free radical peroxidation chemistry.
