- Volumetric properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate- glucose-water systems
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Densities for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF 4)-glucose-water solutions were determined at 298.15 K. The measured densities were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes of glucose (V Φ,S) and [Bmim]BFsu
- Jin, Hui X.,Chen, Han Y.
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- Electrochemistry of 1-butyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid
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The electrochemistry of 1-butyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF4) ionic liquid was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and Osteryoung square wave voltammetry. Impurity chloride was identified, its concentration was determined and a way to eliminate it was demonstrated. Constant current electrolysis of BmimBF4 was performed and products were analyzed by 1H, 13C, and 19F-NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. BF3 and fluorocarbons are produced at the anode while Bmim+ undergoes dimerization and dealkylation reactions at the cathode after reduction to a carbene.
- Xiao, Li,Johnson, Keith E.
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- Crystallographic Insights into the Behavior of Highly Acidic Metal Cations in Ionic Liquids from Reactions of Titanium Tetrachloride with [1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium][X] Ionic Liquids (X = Chloride, Bromide, Tetrafluoroborate)
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Highly charged metal ions are difficult to investigate in weakly coordinating ionic liquids (ILs) because of the insolubility of their solid forms, but the molecular liquid TiCl4 offers a way to react tetravalent metal ions in an IL. Reactions of TiCl4 with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim]+)-based ILs containing chloride or bromide lead to mixtures of highly metastable amorphous solids and small amounts of crystalline chlorotitanate salts including [C4mim]2[TiCl6] and two polymorphs of [C4mim]2[Ti2Cl10] in a manner not well correlated with stoichiometry or anion identity. The reaction of TiCl4 with [C4mim][BF4] yields crystals of the mixed fluoro-chloro complex [C4mim]2[Ti4F6Cl12], indicating spontaneous reaction of the IL ions to generate HF in situ. These unusual behaviors are explained in terms of the exceptionally high acidity of Ti4+ and the unusual behavior of TiCl4 among metal halides as a nonpolar molecular compound.
- Mishra, Manish Kumar,Kelley, Steven P.,Dilip, Meghna,Vaid, Thomas P.,Cordes, David B.,Griffin, Scott T.,Rogers, Robin D.
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- A study of halide nucleophilicity in ionic liquids
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The relative nucleophilicity of chloride, bromide and iodide anions in [bmim][BF4] ionic liquid has been measured by studying their reaction with methyl p-nitrobenzenesulfonate ([bmim] = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation). It has been found that iodide is the most nucleophilic halide, and that chloride and bromide have approximately equal nucleophilicities (Cl- is slightly more nucleophilic than Br-) in [bmim][BF4]. Activation energies for the reaction of chloride and bromide with methyl p-nitrobenzenesulfonate have been calculated. The relative nucleophilicity of the halides has been compared with that observed in molecular solvents and in a tetraalkylammonium tetraalkylboride ionic liquid.
- Lancaster,Welton,Young
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- Interaction between the ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and Pluronic P103 in aqueous solution: A DLS, SANS and NMR study
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The effect of three ionic liquids (ILs) 1-alkyl 3-methyl imidazlolium tetraflouroborates (Cnmim BF4 n = 4, 6, 8) on micellar solutions of an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO), Pluronic P103 was examined from scattering and NMR techniques. The ILs alter the cloud point and micelle size dependant on their alkyl chain length and the results are discussed in terms of their behavior as cosolvent/cosurfactant. Cloud point data support the hydrogen bonding between the imidazolium cation and P103 while dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) reveal that presence of ionic liquid is not conducive to the micelle formation of P103. The selective nuclear Overhauser effect (NOESY) indicates that the PPO block of the P103 interacts with the alkyl group of the C nmim+ cation by hydrophobic interaction. Through this kind of interactions, Cnmim BF4 and P103 can form mixed micelles. This result indicates that the presence of ILs hinders the micelle formation of P103 in solution and promotes P103 to orient at air/water interface.
- Parmar, A.,Bahadur, P.,Aswal, V. K.
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- Determination of residual chloride content in ionic liquids using LA-ICP-MS
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Nowadays, ionic liquids (ILs) are used in a wide range of applications. Their exceptional chemical and physical properties, sustainability of use and the possibility of easy recycling are attractive aspects promoting the acceptance of ILs also for commercial applications. While synthesis is in most cases simple and straightforward, purification of the reaction products might pose a number of problems. Due to the major influence of inorganic contaminations from the synthesis process, thorough monitoring of impurities is required. However, the unusual properties of ILs create some problems for conventional chemical analysis. In this work, a dried droplet approach with subsequent LA-ICP-MS sampling will be used for the analysis of chloride in ILs-a by-product from the synthesis procedure. Dried droplet application onto pre-cut filter paper disks allows the analysis of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic ILs with calibration from dried aqueous standards for signal quantification. The approach is applied on two types of alkylimidazolium ILs, underlining the versatility of the sample preparation and measurement approach. Compared to commonly used analysis techniques for chloride in ILs, the presented approach is simple, fast, and does not require harmful reagents. Different internal standardization strategies were investigated during this study. With a reproducibility of below 2% relative standard deviation and limits of detection of 0.09 mg g-1 for chloride in ILs, the presented approach was showed to be fit for the purpose of routine analyses and reaction monitoring. If necessary, the approach can be extended to other analytes of interest in the field of the synthetic chemistry of ILs.
- Bonta, Maximilian,Anderl, Thomas,Cognigni, Alice,Hejazifar, Mahtab,Bica, Katharina,Limbeck, Andreas
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- Thermodynamics of cesium complexes formation with 18-crown-6 in ionic liquids
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Thermodynamic data for cesium complexes formation with 18-crown-6 (18C6, L) [Cs(18C6)]+ in N-butyl-4-methyl-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([BMPy][BF4], I), in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4], II) and in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIM][N(CN)2], III) were measured with NMR 133Cs technique at 23-50 °C. The stability of cesium complex in RTILs is estimated to be in the range between water and DMFA. Stability constants for [Cs(18C6)]+ are found to decrease as temperature is increasing. The following values for lgK(Cs+L) and ΔH(Cs+L) at 23 °C are determined: 2.6 (0.3), -47(1) kJ/mol (RTIL I); 2.8(0.3), -80(3) kJ/mol (RTIL II) and 3.03 (0.08), -47(2) kJ/mol (RTIL III). It is demonstrated that enthalpy change promotes complex formation while the corresponding change of entropy is negative and provides decomposition of [Cs(18C6)]+.
- Vendilo,Roenkkoemaeki,Hannu-Kuure,Lajunen,Asikkala,Krasovsky,Chernikova,Oksman,Lajunen,Tuomi,Popov
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- A silver and water free metathesis reaction: A route to ionic liquids
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A versatile, cheaper, silver and water-free metathesis reaction was developed for imidazolium, phosphonium and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids (ILs) associated with different anions such as dicyanamide, thiocyanate, tetrafluoroborate and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. This route, using the melt of amine chloride as a solvent and reagent, favours the ion exchange reaction using anion salts of Na or Li, yielding ionic liquids in high purity (≥99.5%) and high yields (≥90%). This route is particularly well adapted for water miscible ILs preparation.
- Srour, Hassan,Rouault, Helene,Santini, Catherine C.,Chauvin, Yves
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- A facile and efficient route to hydrophilic ionic liquids through metathesis reaction performed in saturated aqueous solution
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The preparation of ionic liquids most often involves the use of organic solvents or hazardous chemicals, especially for hydrophilic ionic liquids prepared from metathesis reaction. In this study, the salting-out effect was proposed to promote the metathesis reaction to afford water-miscible ionic liquids. The reaction proceeds in aqueous solution saturated with an inorganic precursor salt. After reaction for only 10 min, the hydrophilic product can be easily obtained by spontaneous liquid-liquid phase-separation caused by the salting-out effect, followed by concentration and filtration. In this process, no organic solvents or hazardous chemicals are required, and the saturated solution and inorganic by-product can be easily reused and recycled respectively.
- Chen, Zhengjian,Li, Zuopeng,Ma, Xiaoyun,Long, Panfeng,Zhou, Yun,Xu, Lin,Zhang, Shiguo
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- Comparative Investigation of the Ionicity of Aprotic and Protic Ionic Liquids in Molecular Solvents by using Conductometry and NMR Spectroscopy
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Electrical conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and self-diffusion coefficient (D) measurements of binary mixtures of aprotic and protic imidazolium-based ionic liquids with water, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol were measured from 293.15 to 323.15 K. The temperature dependence study reveals typical Arrhenius behavior. The ionicities of aprotic ionic liquids were observed to be higher than those of protic ionic liquids in these solvents. The aprotic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [bmIm][BF4], displays 100 % ionicity in both water and ethylene glycol. The protic ionic liquids in both water and ethylene glycol are classed as good ionic candidates, whereas in DMSO they are classed as having a poor ionic nature. The solvation dynamics of the ionic species of the ionic liquids are illustrated on the basis of the 1H NMR chemical shifts of the ionic liquids. The self-diffusion coefficients D of the cation and anion of [HmIm][CH3COO] in D2O and in [D6]DMSO are determined by using 1H nuclei with pulsed field gradient spin-echo NMR spectroscopy.
- Thawarkar, Sachin,Khupse, Nageshwar D.,Kumar, Anil
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- Preparation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salts and study of their phase behavior and intramolecular intractions
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Seven organic salts of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium with anions Br -, BF4-, NO3-, SO 42-, HSO4-, SCN-, PO 43- were prepared. Structure of these compounds is elucidated and purity is confirmed. The products are characterized by melting point, thin layer chromatography, data of elemental analysis, cromatomass-, NMR and IR spectroscopy. All these compounds are ionic liquids, five are low temperature ones. Principal thermal characteristics are found that allow accounting for the phase behavior of the prepared compounds at their application. Existence of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions between the heterocyclic anion and inorganic cation in by means of the formation of hydrogen bond is established.
- Gruzdev,Ramenskaya,Chervonova,Kumeev
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- Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Metal Fluoride Nanoparticles from Metal Amidinate Precursors in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids and Propylene Carbonate
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Decomposition of transition-metal amidinates [M{MeC(NiPr)2}n] [M(AMD)n; M=MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, n=2; CuI, n=1) induced by microwave heating in the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm][PF6]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) ([BMIm][TfO]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate ([BMIm][Tos]) or in propylene carbonate (PC) gives transition-metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) in non-fluorous media (e.g. [BMIm][Tos] and PC) or metal fluoride nanoparticles (MF2-NPs) for M=Mn, Fe, and Co in [BMIm][BF4]. FeF2-NPs can be prepared upon Fe(AMD)2 decomposition in [BMIm][BF4], [BMIm][PF6], and [BMIm][TfO]. The nanoparticles are stable in the absence of capping ligands (surfactants) for more than 6 weeks. The crystalline phases of the metal or metal fluoride synthesized in [BMIm][BF4] were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to exclusively Ni- and Cu-NPs or to solely MF2-NPs for M=Mn, Fe, and Co. The size and size dispersion of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to an average diameter of 2(±2) to 14(±4) nm for the M-NPs, except for the Cu-NPs in PC, which were 51(±8) nm. The MF2-NPs from [BMIm][BF4] were 15(±4) to 65(±18) nm. The average diameter from TEM is in fair agreement with the size evaluated from PXRD with the Scherrer equation. The characterization was complemented by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electrochemical investigations of the CoF2-NPs as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries were simply evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles, and the results indicated that the reversible capacity of the CoF2-NPs was much lower than the theoretical value, which may have originated from the complex conversion reaction mechanism and residue on the surface of the nanoparticles.
- Schütte, Kai,Barthel, Juri,Endres, Manuel,Siebels, Marvin,Smarsly, Bernd M.,Yue, Junpei,Janiak, Christoph
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- Water effect on physicochemical properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids with inorganic anions
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Room temperature ionic liquids of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [bmim][BF4], nitrate, [NO3] -, phosphate, [PO4]3 -, and hydrogen sulfate, [HSO4]-, have been synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy methods. The effect of nature of inorganic anion on hygroscopic property has been studied. Physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, melting point, freezing point, glass transition, thermal decomposition temperature and specific electrical conductivity have been determined. The influence of temperature and water concentration on density, viscosity and specific electrical conductivity values has been investigated. The dependence of physicochemical properties against anion nature and water content has been explained according to cation-anion interactions. The anomalous behaviors of density or conductivity values for equimolecular aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate or tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids have been found and associated with significant restructuring. The formation of crystalline hydrates of the composition of [bmim][BF4]x0.5H 2O was observed.
- Grishina,Ramenskaya,Gruzdev,Kraeva
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- Extractions of Alkaloids Codeine and Caffeine with [Bmim][BF4]/Carbohydrate Aqueous Biphasic Systems as a Novel Class of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for several carbohydrate + IL aqueous biphasic systems, including the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and six carbohydrates: monosaccharides (d-(+)-glucose, d-(-)-fructose, l-(+)-arabinose, and d-(+)-xylose) and disaccharides (sucrose and maltose) were obtained at different temperatures. With fitting the obtained LLE data to a Setschenow-type equation, the positive (soluting-out effect) soluting-out coefficients, ks, were obtained. The obtained ks values increase by decreasing temperature as well as the hydrophobicity of the sugars. Extractions of two alkaloids, including codeine and caffeine, with [Bmim][BF4]/carbohydrate aqueous biphasic systems were examined. The effect of temperature, tie-line length (TLL), hydrophilicity of sugars, and physicochemical properties of alkaloids on the partition coefficient and standard molar Gibbs free energy changes (ΔtrG0m) were studied. Both codeine and caffeine had high tendency for hydrophobic IL-rich phase, and this orientation increased with increasing TLL, hydrophilicity of sugars, and decreasing temperature.
- Jamehbozorg, Bahman,Sadeghi, Rahmat
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- Microwave assisted Suzuki reaction in N-butylpyridinium salts/water systems
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A solvent mixture containing the ionic liquid derived from 4-picoline (C4MPyBF4) and water was tested for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction under microwave irradiation. This solvent system led to very high conversions and clean reactions. When compared with the other more common ionic liquid, such as C4MImBF4, C4MPyBF4 proved to be superior.
- Dos Santos Castro, Kelly L.,De Lima, Paulo G.,E Miranda, Leandro S.M.,De Souza, Rodrigo O.M.A.
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- Green chemistry with a novel 5.8-GHz microwave apparatus. Prompt one-pot solvent-free synthesis of a major ionic liquid: The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate system
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This article reports for the first time the rapid one-pot solventfree synthesis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF 4), a major ionic liquid, in good yields (87%) after 30 min of microwave irradiation with microwaves at a frequency of 5.8 GHz in a batch-mode reactor. By contrast, the yields of [bmim]BF4 are about 3-to-4-fold smaller when using 2.45-GHz microwave radiation and oil bath heating: 28% and 21%, respectively, under otherwise identical conditions. This further shows the advantage(s) of the 5.8-GHz microwave radiation and the accompanying apparatus as a novel synthetic tool reported in some detail elsewhere {Org. Process Res. Dev.. 2008, 12, 257-263}. The three synthetic methods (viz., 5.8-GHz and 2.45-GHz microwave heating, and oil bath heating) were examined in reactors used in both the batch and reflux modes. In the latter mode, the yields of [bmim]BF4 were less than 10% even after a 60-min reaction period. The dependence of the synthesis on the frequency of the microwave radiation is discussed in terms of the chemical yields of the product and the dielectric factors of each substrate in the synthesis mixtures composed of 1-methylimidazole, 1-chlorobutane, and sodium tetrafluoroborate.
- Horikoshi, Satoshi,Hamamura, Tomofumi,Kajitani, Masatsugu,Yoshizawa-Fujita, Masahiro,Serpone, Nick
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- Effects of methylation at the 2 position of the cation ring on phase behaviors and conformational structures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids
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The proton at the 2 position of the cation ring in imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) strongly interacts with anions; therefore, the methylation at this position (C(2) methylation) causes significant changes in the physicochemical properties of these liquids. We investigated the C(2) methylation effects on the phase behaviors and cation conformations of ILs by calorimetric and Raman spectroscopic measurements, focusing on the pairs of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salt ([C4mim]X) and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salt ([C 4C1mim]X), where X- is Cl-, Br -, I-, BF4-, and PF6 -. The melting and freezing points of all pairs increased after the C(2) methylation, as reported previously, and the reason for the increase was the overcompensation of the ??Strans decrease for the ??Htrans decrease. The C(2) methylation also affected the phase behaviors of the ILs. With Raman spectroscopic measurements, all cation conformations in crystalline phases were assigned to trans-trans (TT), gauche-trans (GT), or gauchea?2-trans (Ga?2T) conformers of the butyl group. Except in [C4C1mim]BF4, all crystal-crystal phase transitions of the present samples occurred accompanied by conformational changes among TT, GT, and Ga?2T. For the gas states of [C4mim]+ and [C4C1mim]+, DFT calculations showed that there were hardly any differences in the structures of the butyl group for each set of paired conformers or in the energetic orders among the conformers. On the other hand, the conformer adopted in the crystalline phase differed between [C4mim]X and [C4C 1mim]X. In addition, the population of the conformers in the liquid state also differed in each pair. The data from higher frequency Raman spectra suggested that the difference in cation conformation in each pair, for the crystalline and liquid states, was due to the shift in the position of the anion relative to that of the cation. By C(2) methylation, the relative distance between the anion and cation decreased for Cl-, Br-, and I- salts, but it increased for BF4- and PF 6- salts. ? 2010 American Chemical Society.
- Endo, Takatsugu,Kato, Tatsuya,Nishikawa, Keiko
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- Aerobic and electrochemical oxidative cross-dehydrogenative-coupling (CDC) reaction in an imidazolium-based ionic liquid
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The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIm][BF4] has demonstrated high efficiency when applied as a solvent in the oxidative nitro-Mannich carboncarbon bond formation. The coppercatalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) between N-phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline and nitromethane in [BMIm][BF4] occurred with high yield under the described reaction conditions. Both the ionic liquid and copper catalyst were recycled nine times with almost no lost of activity. The electrochemical behavior of the tertiary amine substrate and β-nitroamine product was investigated employing [BMIm][BF4] as electrolyte solvent. The potentiostatic electrolysis in ionic liquid afforded the desired product with a high yield. This result and the cyclic voltammetric investigation provide a better understanding of the reaction mechanism, which involves radical and iminium cation intermediates.
- Basle, Olivier,Borduas, Nadine,Dubois, Pauline,Chapuzet, Jean Marc,Chan, Tak-Hang,Lessard, Jean,Li, Chao-Jun
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- An improved preparation of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids using microwaves
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An efficient microwave protocol is described for the preparation of room temperature ionic liquids consisting of alkyl imidazolium cations bearing tetrafluoroborate as anions.
- Namboodiri, Vasudevan V,Varma, Rajender S
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- Lewis basic ionic liquids-catalyzed conversion of carbon dioxide to cyclic carbonates
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A series of easily prepared Lewis basic ionic liquids were developed for cyclic carbonate synthesis from epoxide and carbon dioxide at low pressure without utilization of any organic solvents or additives. Notably, quantitative yields together with excellent selectivity were attained when 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-enium chloride ([HDBU]Cl) was used as a catalyst. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled over five times without appreciable loss of catalytic activity. The effects of the catalyst structure and various reaction parameters on the catalytic performance were investigated in detail. This protocol was found to be applicable to a variety of epoxides producing the corresponding cyclic carbonates in high yields and selectivity. Therefore, this solvent-free process thus represents an environmentally friendly example for the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals by employing Lewis basic ionic liquids as catalyst. A possible catalytic cycle for the hydrogen bond-assisted ring-opening of epoxide and activation of carbon dioxide induced by the nucleophilic tertiary nitrogen of the ionic liquid was also proposed.
- Yang, Zhen-Zhen,He, Liang-Nian,Miao, Cheng-Xia,Chanfreau, Sebastien
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- Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of organic compounds in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate using inverse gas chromatography
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Activity coefficients at infinite dilution (γ∞) of organic compounds in the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate were determined using inverse gas chromatography from (303.35 to 332.55) K. Retention data
- Revelli, Anne-Laure,Mutetet, Fabrice,Turmine, Mireille,Solimando, Roland,Jaubert, Jean-Noel
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- Vapor Pressure Osmometry Studies of Aqueous Ionic Liquid-Carbohydrate Systems
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Precise vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) measurements at 308.15 K were conducted for solutions of three ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim][Br]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim][HSO4]), in aqueous solutions of three carbohydrates, sucrose, maltose, and maltitol, as well as for solutions of the carbohydrates in aqueous solutions of these ILs. Because of the unfavorable IL-carbohydrate interactions, all the investigated IL + carbohydrates aqueous systems show the soluting-out effect and vapor-liquid equilibria behavior of these systems in the monophasic region show the negative deviation from the semi-ideal behavior (aw + 1 wIL° + awC° and δp IL° + δpC°). For a certain carbohydrate and at the same molality of IL, the magnitude of the departures for the investigated ILs follows the order: [Bmim][BF4] > [Bmim][HSO4] [Bmim][Br]. In the case of [Bmim][BF4]/carbohydrate aqueous systems, which have a phase separation capability, the soluting-out power of the carbohydrates on [Bmim][BF4] in aqueous solutions (or negative deviation from the semi-ideal behavior) reduced by decreasing the hydrophilicity of the carbohydrates. Aqueous [Bmim][Br]/carbohydrate and [Bmim][HSO4]/carbohydrate systems are unable to form the ABS, and the soluting-out effect of the ILs on the aqueous carbohydrate solutions appears in the form of precipitation of sugars from the aqueous solutions.
- Jamehbozorg, Bahman,Sadeghi, Rahmat
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- Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones under controlled catalysis of ionic liquids
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Three ionic liquids, [BMIM][BF4] doped with 60 mol % of LiCl ([BMIM][BF4]-LiCl), N,N,N,N-tetramethylguanidinium trifluoroacetate (TMGT), and N,N,N,N-tetramethylguanidinium triflate (TMGTf) were found useful as catalyst solvents for controlled 3-indolylation of isatins. Our investigation revealed that the reaction between isatin and indoles in [BMIM][BF4]-LiCl or TMGTf media stops at the step of addition of the two components providing 3-indolyl-3-hydroxyindolin-2-ones while the ionic liquid TMGT runs the reaction further through accompanying Friedel-Crafts substitution to afford symmetrical 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones. To take advantage of the difference between the effects of these ionic liquids on?the reaction progress, we planned a two-step protocol for the efficient synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones.
- Rad-Moghadam, Kurosh,Sharifi-Kiasaraie, Masoumeh,Taheri-Amlashi, Homayun
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- Efficient and chromaticity stable green and white organic light-emitting devices with organic-inorganic hybrid materials
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Efficient inverted bottom emissive organic light emitting diodes (IBOLEDs) with tin dioxide and/or Cd-doped SnO2nanoparticles as an electron injection layer at the indium tin oxide cathode:electron transport layer interface have been fabricated. The SnO2NPs promote electron injection efficiently because their conduction band (?3.6 eV) lies between the work function (Wf) of ITO (4.8 eV) and the LUMO of the electron-transporting molecule (?3.32 eV), leading to enhanced efficiency at low voltage. The 2.0percent SnO2NPs (25 nm) with Ir(ddsi)2(acac) emissive material (SnO2NPs/ITO) have an enhanced current efficiency (ηc, cd A?1) of 52.3/24.3, power efficiency (ηp, lm W?1) of 10.9/3.4, external quantum efficiency (ηex, percent) of 16.4/7.5 and luminance (L, cd m?2) of 28?182/1982. A device with a 2.0percent Cd-doped SnO2layer shows higherηc(60.6 cd A?1),ηp(15.4 lm W?1),ηex(18.3percent) andL(26?858 cd m?2) than SnO2devices or control devices. White light emission was harvested from a mixture of Cd-SnO2NPs and homoleptic blue phosphor Ir(tsi)3; the combination of blue emission (λEL= 428 nm) from Ir(tsi)3and defect emission from Cd-SnO2NPs (λEL= 568 nm) gives an intense white light with CIE of (0.31, 0.30) and CCT of 6961 K. The white light emission [CIE of (0.34, 0.35) and CCT of 5188 K] from colloid hybrid electrolyte BMIMBF4-SnO2is also discussed.
- Thanikachalam, Venugopal,Seransenguttuvan, Balu,Jayabharathi, Jayaraman
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- Ionic liquid-assisted gelation of an organic solvent
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Tetrafluoroborate-containing ionic liquids allow for a room temperature gelation of dimethylsulfoxide, which contains an organogelator at below the minimum gelation concentration. The gel formation has no effect on the mobility of ions, as the conductivity values of ionic liquid-DMSO gels are virtually identical to those of ionic liquid-DMSO solutions.
- Smith, Nicholas W.,Knowles, Joshua,Albright, John G.,Dzyuba, Sergei V.
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- Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Ionic-Liquid Solutions at Different Temperatures
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Density measurements were carried out for aqueous solutions of the ionic liquids [BMIm]Cl, [BMIm]Br, [BMIm][BF4], [HMIm]Br, [OMIm]Br, [MMIm][MSO4], and [EMIm][ESO4] at T = (288.15-318.15) K. The measured densities were use
- Shekaari, Hemayat,Zafarani-Moattar, Mohammed Taghi,Kazempour, Amir,Ghasedi-Khajeh, Zakiyeh
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- Study of a novel gel electrolyte based on poly-(methoxy/hexadecyl- poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) co-polymer plasticized with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
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Compared with traditional liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes possess higher reliability and safety but much lower ionic conductivity, which can be improved by incorporating plasticizers to form gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). However, the commonly employed plasticizers are flammable organic solvents which may cause safety issues. Herein, ionic liquid 1-bultyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) is selected as the plasticizer to fabricate inflammable GPE due to its non-volatility and inflammability. The solid matrix is co-polymerized from methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MPEGM) and hexadecyl-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (HPEGM). The effect of the electrolyte composition on its properties is systematically studied. The synthesized GPEs possess excellent thermal stability and exhibit relatively high ionic conductivity, among which the one named as PMH12-60, composed of 32 wt% MPEGM, 8 wt% HPEGM and 60 wt% [Bmim]BF4, presents an ionic conductivity comparable to liquid electrolytes, up to 1.13 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 30 °C. In addition, the GPE shows good compatibility with metallic lithium. Furthermore, the coin cell based on PMH12-60, with a LiFePO 4 cathode and a lithium anode shows a discharge capacity as high as 145 mA h g-1 and 158 mA h g-1 when cycled at 30 °C and 50 °C, respectively, under the cycling rate of 0.1 C. Moreover, no obvious capacity loss is observed after 30 cycles at both temperatures. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Wang, Long,Zhu, Hua-Jun,Zhai, Wei,Cai, Feng,Liu, Xiao-Min,Yang, Hui
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- Liquid Phase Behavior of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Alcohols
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A systematic study of the impact of different characteristics of the ionic liquids (IL) and the alcohols on the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium of imidazolium-based IL and alcohols. Alcohol characteristics investigated include the effect of increasing the alkyl chain length of the alcohol (1-propanol vs. 1-butanol or 1-hexanol) and the effect of branching of the alcohol (1-butanol vs. 2-butanol or tert-butyl alcohol). An increase in the alkyl chain length of the alcohol resulted in an increase in the upper critical solution temperature (UCST), since the alcohol became more aliphatic and less able to interact with the IL through hydrogen-bonding, dipolar, and Coulombic forces. Increased branching of the alcohol did not affect the UCST but resulted in an increase in the solubility of the alcohol in the IL-rich phase, which correlates with increasing basicity of the alcohols. An increase in the length of one of the alkyl chains on the cation resulted in a decrease in the UCST, likely due to greater dispersion interactions between the alkyl chain on the cation and the chain of the alcohol. The UCST of the IL with alcohols decreased with increasing hydrogen bond strength. The effect of alkyl chain length on the cation and the choice of anion had significantly different effects on the mutual solubilities of IL with water than with alcohols.
- Crosthwaite, Jacob M.,Aki, Sudhir N. V. K.,Maginn, Edward J.,Brennecke, Joan F.
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- Ultrasound-assisted surfactant/ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system extraction prior to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of tetracyclines in milk and honey samples
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In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted surfactant/ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction method was developed to extract six tetracycline antibiotics from food samples before their chromatographic determination using high performance liquid chromatography. The ATPS was formed with 1-allyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide, Triton X-100, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. The parameters including type and amount of surfactant, ionic liquid and salt, pH of sample solution, and sonication time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, linear calibration curves of the six tetracyclines were obtained in the range of 10–500 μg L?1 with > r2 = 0.990 (n = 9). The proposed green analytical extraction method was applied to the analysis of tetracycline antibiotics in milk and honey samples with recovery of 50%–110% and 68%–117%, respectively.
- Antep, Hayriye Mine,Mumcu, Ta?k?n,Bostanci, Kamil,Seyhan Bozkurt, Serap,Merdivan, Melek
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- Efficient synthesis of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids: The modified continuous Radziszewski reaction in a microreactor setup
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By making use of a modified Radziszewski reaction, it is demonstrated that water-soluble 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids can be produced in good yields (70-90%) and purities (>95%) starting from readily available, cost-effective monoalkylamines, glyoxal, formaldehyde, and mineral or organic acids. The homosubstituted 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts feature high thermal stabilities similar to those of their heterosubstituted counterparts, and relatively low viscosities, thus fulfilling the requirements for solvent application. The effect of various parameters has been studied with the goal of improving yields for both the batchwise and continuous synthesis (making use of a microreactor setup), allowing for the production of a wide variety of ionic liquids and the introduction of functionalities. The applicability of these ionic liquids is demonstrated on the example of cellulose dissolution and the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
- Zimmermann, Johannes,Ondruschka, Bernd,Stark, Annegret
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- PET depolymerisation in supercritical ethanol catalysed by [Bmim][BF 4]
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Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was successfully depolymerised under supercritical ethanol. Robust conversion of 98 wt% from PET to diethylterephthalate (DET) was obtained by adding [Bmim][BF4], as catalyst, accompanied by reduction of depolymerization time from ca. 6 h to 45 min. DET formation in the depolymerization process was characterized by HPLC, 1H NMR, FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM showing high purity and yield. The yields for different runs were determined by HPLC combined with interpolation from the standard/calibration curve. A 23 factorial design was employed to evaluate the effect of different inputs such as (i) reaction time after supercritical condition, (ii) volume of ionic liquid (VIL) and (iii) amount of PET in the yield of DET. By the analysis of variance (ANOVA), including F-test and P-values, it was found that reaction time and amount of PET inputs correspond, respectively, to 44% and 23% of the evaluated response. Another positive aspect showed by the factorial design is that the amount of catalyst was not significant in the process, and the depolymerization can be conducted successfully since a small amount (this study used VIL ranging 0.15 to 0.35 mL) is present in the reaction media. The method proposed in this paper is advantageous over others, reported in the literature, due to the lower reaction time required for PET depolymerization and the higher DET yield. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Nunes, Catia Santos,Vieira Da Silva, Michael Jackson,Cristina Da Silva, Danielle,Freitas, Adonilson Dos Reis,Rosa, Fernanda Andreia,Rubira, Adley Forti,Muniz, Edvani Curti
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- β-Diimine-methallyl nickel complexes in ionic liquid: A biphasic green system for the high selective styrene dimerization
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The selective head-to-tail dimerization of styrene to 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene over [Ni(β-diimine)- (methallyl)]+PF6- / Et2O?HBF4 catalyst system has been investigated. The styrene conversion up to 95 % and the TOF (TOF = 508 h?1) were reached after optimization of the reaction parameters (temperature: T = 80 °C; time: t = 1 h…) with selectivity to E-1,3-diphényl-1-butene stereoisomer up to 98%. Solvents and diimine ligands have a strong effect on the catalyst activity. The substituents on the β-diimine ligands have a crucial effect on the conversion but did not affect the selectivity. Cationic β-diimine-nickel (2 + ) is the likely active species. Reaction products were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and GC–MS spectroscopies.
- Landolsi, Kamel,Msaddek, Moncef
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- Quantum dots in which ionic liquids are ion-bonded and their preparation method
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A quantum dot particle in which an ionic liquid is ion-bonded is disclosed. The quantum dot particle includes a quantum dot having a core/shell nanostructure; and an ionic liquid compound represented by following Chemical Formula 1, bonded to the surface of the quantum dot, wherein the quantum dot and the ionic liquid compound form an ionic bond: wherein, R1 and R2 are each independently a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, and X? is a monovalent anion, wherein the hydrocarbon group includes a saturated or unsaturated group and may include one or more hetero atoms.
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Page/Page column 15
(2021/09/01)
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- Convenient synthesis of long alkyl-chain triazolylglycosides using ionic liquid as dual promoter-solvent: Readily access to non-ionic triazolylglycoside surfactants for evaluation of cytotoxic activity
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A convenient method for the one-pot synthesis of long alkyl-chain triazolylglycosides using ionic liquid as dual promoter and solvent is described via a sequential one-pot two-step glycosidation-CuAAc click reaction. The reaction was carried out using commercially available substrates, including glycosyl bromides, sodium azide and various long alkyl-chain alkynes to achieve the corresponding products in moderate to high yields. Furthermore, this approach was successfully applied for the preparation of non-ionic monocatenary triazolylglycoside surfactants in excellent yields through simple deacetylation. Subsequently, these surfactants were further evaluated for their cytotoxic activity.
- Ketsomboon, Nutthanicha,Saeeng, Rungnapha,Sirion, Uthaiwan,Srisook, Klaokwan
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- Validation of structural grounds for anomalous molecular mobility in ionic liquid glasses
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Ionic liquid (IL) glasses have recently drawn much interest as unusual media with unique physicochemical properties. In particular, anomalous suppression of molecular mobility in imi-dazolium IL glasses vs. increasing temperature was evidenced by pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Although such behavior has been proven to originate from dynamics of alkyl chains of IL cations, the role of electron spin relaxation induced by surrounding protons still remains unclear. In this work we synthesized two deuterated imidazolium-based ILs to reduce electron–nuclear couplings between radical probe and alkyl chains of IL, and investigated molecular mobility in these glasses. The obtained trends were found closely similar for deuterated and proto-nated analogs, thus excluding the relaxation-induced artifacts and reliably demonstrating structural grounds of the observed anomalies in heterogeneous IL glasses.
- Adonin, Nicolay Yu.,Bakulina, Olga D.,Fedin, Matvey V.,Ivanov, Mikhail Yu.,Kiryutin, Alexey S.,Prikhod’ko, Sergey A.
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supporting information
(2021/10/01)
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- Interactions of CO2 with the homologous series of СnMIMBF4 ionic liquids studied in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: spectral characteristics, thermodynamic parameters and their correlation
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In this work, in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the interaction of CO2 and a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate СnMIMBF4 (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) ionic liquids. A detailed analysis of the infrared spectra acquired from ionic liquids and sorbed СО2 was performed as ionic liquids with different the alkyl chain lengths were subjected to changing pressures of СО2 and temperature. With a longer alkyl chain length, an increase in the shift of the CH stretching vibrations bands of alkyl groups and BF stretching vibrations of BF4? anions is observed during CO2 sorption. This indicates the disaggregation of alkyl chains and anions. There is a correlation with the position of the wavenumber of the ν3 asymmetric stretching CO2 band and the length of the alkyl chain. It was found that some of the CO2 adsorbed by ionic liquids does not interact with the ionic liquid but is “free” in the bulk of the alkyl chains. For the first time, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of CO2 sorption in ionic liquids. It was demonstrated that the values of enthalpy and entropy obtained by analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra are consistent the data obtained by other methods. A correlation was found between the enthalpy of sorption of CO2 and the wavenumber of the ν3 band. This opens up the possibility of using CO2 as an IR-sensitive probe molecule to characterize the acid-base properties of ionic liquids and determine the enthalpy of CO2 sorption.
- Adonin, Nikolai Y.,Kazarian, Sergei G.,Martyanov, Oleg N.,Nesterov, Nikolai S.,Prikhod'ko, Sergei A.,Shalygin, Anton S.
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- Biphasic hydrogenation of eugenol with ruthenium and rhodium nanoparticles stabilized in ionic liquids
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the catalytic activity nanostructured systems of ruthenium and rhodium stabilized in ionic liquids derived from imidazole: IL1= butylmethyllimidazole tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] and IL2= butylmethylimidazole hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] in the biphasic hydrogenation of eugenol under mild reaction conditions T= 80°C, P= 100psi during 4 hours. The metallic nanoparticles (NPs-M) were synthesized using the ligand hydrogenation displacement reaction for the ruthenium III tris(acetylacetonate), [Ru(acac)3], and bis-μ-cloro-di(1,5-ciclooctadieno) dirhodium(I), [Rh(COD)Cl]2, showing a mean particle size between (2.0±0.2) nm and (4.0±0.2) nm. The nanostructured systems Rh/IL2, Ru/IL2 and Ru/IL1 show similar activities and different from the Rh/IL1 system. On the other hand, the systems stabilized in the IL1 were more selective towards the formation of the 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol than the systems stabilized in the IL2. Nevertheless, in general, the catalysts were good for hydrogenating eugenol, resulting in Rh/IL1 nanoparticles less reactive than Rh/IL2, Ru/IL1 and Ru/IL2.
- Baricelli, Pablo,Borusiak, Margarita,Castro, William,Crespo, Isis,Dominguez, Olgioly,Oma?a, Ofelia,Rosales, Merlin
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p. 4982 - 4987
(2020/12/28)
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- Synthesis method of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid
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The invention discloses a synthesis method of a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. The method comprises the following steps: with N-butylimidazole and dimethyl sulfate as raw materials, carrying out a reaction in a pressure reactor to obtain an intermediate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole methyl sulfate; and reacting the obtained intermediate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole methyl sulfate with sodium tetrafluoroborate in a pressure reaction container, and carrying out filtering and concentrating to obtain the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. The method has the advantages of simple process steps, strong operability, no generation of solid wastes in the synthesis process, environmental protection and high product yield.
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Paragraph 0022-0024
(2020/06/02)
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- Controlling the reactions of 1-bromogalactose acetate in methanol using ionic liquids as co-solvents
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The reactions of an acetobromogalactose in mixtures of methanol and one of seven different ionic liquids with varying constituent ions were studied. In general, small amounts of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture led to increases in the rate constant compared to methanol, whilst large amounts of ionic liquid led to decreases in the rate constant; this outcome differs significantly from previous reactions proceeding through this mechansim. Temperature dependent kinetic studies indicated that the dominant interaction driving these changes was between the ionic liquid and the transition state of the process. Through considering solvent parameters of ionic liquids, a relationship was found between the changes in the rate constant and both the hydrogen bond accepting ability and polarisability of the solvent, indicating that the interactions affecting reaction outcome are both specific and non-specific in nature; once more, these interactions were different to those observed in previous similar reactions. By changing the amount of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture, additional products not seen in the molecular solvent case were observed, the ratios of which are dependent on the anion of the ionic liquid and the proportion of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture. This demonstrates the importance of considering solvent effects on both the rate and product determining steps and the potential application of such changes is discussed.
- Gilbert, Alyssa,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 5442 - 5452
(2020/09/09)
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- Various metal organic frameworks combined with imidazolium, quinolinum and benzothiazolium ionic liquids for removal of three antibiotics from water
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In this research, imidazolium, quinolinum and benzothiazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) were immobilized on a metal organic framework (MOF) by solvent impregnation or capillary action. The synthesized IL@MOF composite materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA methods and then applied in removal of tetracyclines (TCs) from aqueous samples. The presence of ionic liquids significantly improved the adsorption efficiency of the metal organic framework, with 82% or higher removal percentage was obtained for the three target TCs while the pristine MOFs adsorption efficiency was below 50%. This could be attributed to the ability of ILs to make complex interaction with target drugs via multiple intermolecular forces. Experimental results revealed the effects of three significant factors including pH, temperature and solid-liquid ratio, and optimum adsorption efficiency could be achieved at pH 8 and 30 °C when solid-liquid ratio = 1:2 was adopted. The adsorption kinetics was properly fitted with pseudo-second order model and Redlich-Peterson model could be used to describe the adsorption isotherm for three antibiotics; moreover, the adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process in nature. Finally, the adsorbed TCs could be desorbed efficiently and the performance of the IL@MOF sorbent was further verified by actual water samples.
- Yohannes, Alula,Li, Jing,Yao, Shun
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- An environmentally benign attribute for the expeditious synthesis of quinoxaline and its derivatives
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A simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly ionic liquid mediated protocol for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives using carbonyl substrate and phenylenediamines has been described. A range of ionic liquids were synthesized, characterized via IR, 1H and 13C NMR and used as a solvent as well as catalyst for above protocol. The catalytic activities of ILs were evaluated and the relationship between the catalytic activity and acidity was discussed. It was also found that among the all ILs, [Bmim]CF3SO3 was the most effective, eco-friendly and less expensive solvent and catalyst for the above etiquette. This method is of significant value due to the eco-friendly nature of ionic liquid and non usage of separate catalyst to drive the reaction forward. The protocol proves to be efficient and environmentally benign in terms of good to excellent yields, low reaction times, simple work-up, ease of recovery, and reusability of ionic liquid for six times.
- Bhargava, Sangeeta,Soni,Rathore, Deepti
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- Understanding the effects of ionic liquids on a unimolecular substitution process: Correlating solvent parameters with reaction outcome
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A unimolecular substitution process was studied in five different ionic liquids, with systematic variation of either the cation or anion, in order to determine the factors leading to the increase in the rate constant for the process relative to acetonitrile. It was found that both components of the ionic liquid, and the proportion of the salt in the reaction mixture, affect the rate constant. Activation parameters determined for the process suggest that there is a balance between interactions of the components of the ionic liquid with both starting material and transition state. A correlation was found between the rate constant and a combination of Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters; with the polarisability of the solvent being the most significant factor. As this reaction proceeds through both unimolecular and bimolecular pathways, competition experiments determined that the unimolecular pathway for the reaction can be favoured using small amounts of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture, demonstrating the potential to control reaction mechanisms using ionic liquids.
- Gilbert, Alyssa,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 675 - 682
(2019/01/24)
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- Correlating ionic liquid solvent effects with solvent parameters for a reaction that proceeds through a xanthylium intermediate
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A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that proceeds through a xanthylium carbocation was studied in seven ionic liquid solvents. It was found that the general trend in the rate constant with changing proportion of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture was different to that seen for other unimolecular processes, with the rate constant increasing as more ionic liquid was added to the reaction mixture. A significant correlation was found between the natural logarithm of the rate constant and a combination of the Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters. This relationship indicated that the principal interaction involved hydrogen bonding between the ionic liquid and some species along the reaction coordinate. Further, this correlation enables prediction of the effects that other ionic liquids will have on this, and other, reactions that proceed through a similar intermediate.
- Gilbert, Alyssa,Bucher, G?tz,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 9336 - 9342
(2019/11/13)
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- The effect of varying the anion of an ionic liquid on the solvent effects on a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction
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A variety of ionic liquids, each containing the same cation but a different anion, were examined as solvents for a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Varying the proportion of ionic liquid was found to increase the rate constant as the mole fraction of ionic liquid increased demonstrating that the reaction outcome could be controlled through varying the ionic liquid. The solvent effects were correlated with the hydrogen bond accepting ability (β) of the ionic liquid anion allowing for qualitative prediction of the effect of changing this component of the solute. To determine the microscopic origins of the solvent effects, activation parameters were determined through temperature-dependent kinetic analyses and shown to be consistent with previous studies. With the knowledge of the microscopic interactions in solution, an ionic liquid was rationally chosen to maximise rate enhancement demonstrating that an ionic solvent can be selected to control reaction outcome for this reaction type.
- Hawker, Rebecca R.,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 3453 - 3463
(2018/05/23)
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- A potential greener protocol for peptide coupling reactions using recyclable/reusable ionic liquid [ C 4-DABCO ] [ N(CN) 2 ]
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Abstract : Development of greener methodologies in synthetic organic chemistry has brought awareness in recent decades due to the ecological performance of green solvent media and catalytic systems. Here, we carried out the peptide bond formation reaction in one of the environmentally secure solvents, ‘ionic liquids’ in the presence of coupling reagent and in the absence of external base at room temperature, affording dipeptides in good to excellent yields. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: SYNOPSIS We carried out the peptide bond formation reaction in ionic liquids in the presence of a coupling reagent at room temperature, in the absence of an external base, affording dipeptides in good to excellent yields.
- Konwar, Manashjyoti,Khupse, Nageshwar D,Saikia, Prakash J,Sarma, Diganta
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- Preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate
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The invention provides a preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate. The preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate comprises the following steps: alpha-olefin, salicylic acid and/or salicylate are subjected to an alkylation reaction under the action of a catalyst, and a product is collected, wherein the catalyst is prepared from an ionic liquid, polyphosphoric acid and organic acid salt by mixing at 30-100 DEG C for 1-12 h. The method has the advantages of high conversion rate, good product selectivity, relatively mild reaction conditions, easily recovered catalyst and the like, and is a green and pollution-free preparation process.
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Paragraph 0035; 0038
(2018/05/30)
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- Preparation method of low-molecular olefin polymer
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The invention provides a preparation method of a low-molecular olefin polymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: low-molecular olefin is subjected to a polymerization reaction under the action of a catalyst, and a product is collected; the catalyst is prepared from ionic liquid, polyphosphoric acid and heteropolyacid by mixing at 30-100 DEG C for 1-12 h. The preparation methodhas the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high conversion rate and good selectivity, and the catalyst is easy to recover and can be recycled; the preparation method is green and pollution-free.
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Paragraph 0048; 0063
(2018/06/26)
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- Ionic liquid-mediated solvothermal synthesis of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI): An efficient and environment-friendly process
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4,4′-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) is an immensely important intermediate employed in the manufacturing of polyurethanes. Many synthetic routes have been developed over the decades for the synthesis of 4,4′-MDI compounds on a large scale; these compounds are highly toxic and hazardous in nature. In this study, an environment-friendly route is proposed for the synthesis of 4,4′-MDI using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as starting materials, which are nontoxic in nature. The synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs) and their utilization in the decomposition reaction are systematically investigated. Imidazole-functionalized ionic liquids were prepared for the synthesis of 4,4′-MDI, and their thermal performances were evaluated by TGA. We found that in comparison with other imidazole-functionalized ionic liquids, 1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EAmim]BF4) exhibited preferable thermal activity for the decomposition of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl dimethylcarbamate (4,4′-MDC). Moreover, these ILs were more effective when they were combined with zinc as a catalyst, which enhanced the decomposition of MDC. Under optimal conditions, the yield of MDI compared to that of Zn(OAc)2-[EAmim]BF4 catalyst increased up to 96%. The mechanism of the enhanced performance of ionic liquids by catalytic activity of zinc acetate was also investigated.
- Duan,You,Liu,Ma,Zhou,Zhang,Zhang
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supporting information
p. 12243 - 12255
(2018/07/24)
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- Deciphering the anthelmintic activity of benzimidazolium salts by experimental and in-silico studies
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Inspired from the facts that majority of the drug administrated in the form of salts and “poison is in the dose”; herein, we have synthesized and characterized 1-methyl-3-alkylbenzimidazolium and 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium derived ionic salts with varying N-alkyl chains and different anions. These ionic salts were evaluated for their vermicidal activity (VA) and cell viability test against the Pheretima posthuma and A549 cell lines (human alveolar basal epithelial cells), respectively. The morphological changes in the test organism were visualized by the Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) to get the mechanistic insight. Furthermore, results were compared with VA of 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium derivatives to establish their structure-activity-relationship (SAR) of the fused benzene ring in 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium. The current findings suggested that the activity of these salts depends on the nature of N-alkyl side-chain, anionic moieties, varying partial charge on quaternary nitrogen (due to different anions) lipophilicity and types of cationic core fused with imidazolium ring. These findings were complemented by the quantitative-structure-activity-relationship (QSAR), molecular docking approaches to unfold the features accountable for their activities and binding patterns of the ligand-receptor complex respectively. ADME/T assessment of the ionic salts shows that twelve compounds qualified the ADMET profiling test & encompasses the drug-likeness features.
- Ranjan, Prabodh,Athar, Mohd,Vijayakrishna, Kari,Meena, Lalit K.,Vasita, Rajesh,Jha, Prakash C.
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p. 156 - 168
(2018/07/25)
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- Self-assembly and lower critical solution temperature properties of supramolecular block copolymer/ionic liquid complexes depending on the alkyl chain length of imidazolium rings
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We report the liquid crystalline (LC) assembly and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) properties of wedge-shaped block copolymer (BCP)/1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([CnMIM][BF4], n = 2, 4, 6) complexes (1–3) depending on the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquids (ILs). In contrast to the crystalline BCP, all of the ionic samples showed LC phases. 1 with [C2MIM][BF4] exhibited a hexagonal columnar phase, and 3 with [C6MIM][BF4] exhibited a gyroid phase. Interestingly, a temperature-dependent transformation from columnar phase to gyroid phase was revealed for 2 with [C4MIM][BF4]. The phase difference may be explained by the supramolecular shape change that was dependent on the alkyl chain length of the ILs. The LCST behavior was characterized using the differential scanning calorimetry, turbidity observations, and the X-ray diffraction techniques. Notably, the primary d-spacing began to decrease at the clouding temperature (Tc). 3 showed the highest Tc at 130 °C, which is greater than the temperature of the order-to-disorder transition. The results demonstrate that the subtle variation in the IL structure affects the morphological and LCST properties.
- Noh, Minjoo,Cho, Byoung-Ki
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p. 3587 - 3596
(2017/09/06)
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- Synthetic method of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride intermediate
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The invention discloses a synthetic method of a dexmedetomidine hydrochloride intermediate. The synthetic method comprises the following step: carrying out contact reaction on 1-(1-haloethyl)-2,3-dimethylbenzene and imidazole in ionic liquid in the presence of alkali and [1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] palladium dichloride to obtain the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride intermediate 4-[1-(2,3-dimethyl phenyl) ethyl]-1H-imidazole. The method is short in reaction time and high in yield, and has good selectivity for a target (S)-isomer.
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Paragraph 0025; 0027; 0028
(2017/08/28)
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- Method for preparing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for anesthesia and sedation during operation
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The invention discloses a method for preparing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for anesthesia and sedation during an operation. The method comprises the following steps: (a) stirring and reacting 2,3-dimethyl styrene and imidazole in ionic liquid to obtain 4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole in the presence of an iron salt; (b) reacting the 4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole with L-(+)-tartaric acid, and performing suction filtering to obtain dexmedetomidine tartrate; (c) stirring the dexmedetomidine tartrate in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, performing dichloromethane extraction and concentration, and stirring in a saturated hydrochloric acid methanol solution to obtain the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. According to the method, the ionic liquid is used for alkylation reaction of the imidazole under catalysis of the iron salt, so that the reaction time is effectively shortened, and high yield is achieved; fewer steps are required, and the cost is lower; conditions in each step are mild, use of a large amount of lewis acid is avoided, and easiness for industrial production is achieved.
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Paragraph 0027; 0029
(2017/07/05)
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- Preparation process of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for ICU (intensive care unit) sedation and analgesia
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The invention discloses a preparation process of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for ICU (intensive care unit) sedation and analgesia. The preparation process includes the steps: first, stirring and reacting 1-(1-halogenated ethyl)-2, 3-dimethyl benzene and imidazole in ionic liquid under catalysis of ferric trichloride to obtain 4-[1-(2, 3-dimethyl phenyl) ethyl]-1H-imidazole; second, refluxing the 4-[1-(2, 3-dimethyl phenyl) ethyl]-1H-imidazole obtained in the first step and L-(+)-tartaric acid in absolute ethyl alcohol, and performing standing, cooling and suction filtration to obtain dexmedetomidine tartrate; third, stirring the dexmedetomidine tartrate in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, extracting methylene dichloride, concentrating the solution, stirring the solution in saturated hydrochloric acid methanol solution to obtain the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. The method is short in reaction time, high in yield, milder in condition and suitable for industrial popularization.
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Paragraph 0033; 0035; 0036
(2017/08/28)
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- Redox Reaction: A New Route for the Synthesis of Water-Miscible Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
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A novel chemical redox route was developed for the preparation of water-miscible imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs). In this method, the reaction between 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromides or 3-butyl-1-phenylimidazolium bromide and the appropriate acid reactant was promoted by the redox reaction between the bromide ion and aqueous hydrogen peroxide, with hex-1-ene as both solvent and bromine scavenger. The residual bromide ion and water contents of the prepared ILs were determined by ion chromatography and the Karl-Fischer test, respectively. This method not only produces water-miscible ILs in high purity and high yield, but also simplifies the reaction conditions in comparison with previous routes.
- Li, Wenxiu,Dai, Shangwu,Li, Dong,Zhang, Qinqin,Fan, Hongtao,Zhang, Tao,Zhang, Zhigang
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p. 1065 - 1072
(2017/02/23)
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- Purification method of imidazole ionic liquid
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The invention relates to a purification method of an imidazole ionic liquid. The purification method comprises the following steps: adding a coarse product of [R1R2IM]X and MY into a water medium to carry out anion exchange reactions; then adding an organic extracting agent into the mixed solution, evenly mixing, allowing the system to stand still to carry out automatic layering; then adding salt D into the mixed solution, evenly mixing, allowing the system to stand still to carry out automatic layering, wherein the upper layer is an organic phase, and the lower layer is an water phase containing MX; discharging the water phase containing MX; then adding purified water and salt D into the organic phase, vibrating the system to carry out layering, discharging the lower layer (water phase); and repeating the steps of adding purified water and salt D for 2 to 3 times until no MX impurity is detected in the organic phase. By selecting a proper solvent and adding proper salt, the water phase density is increased, thus the extraction frequency is reduced, and the product quality is improved.
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Paragraph 0019; 0020
(2017/09/02)
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- Synthesis of High-Purity Imidazolium Tetrafluoroborates and Bis(oxalato)borates
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The synthesis and purification of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with boron-containing anions is reported. The scope was the optimization of the meta thesis reaction and on the purification of the synthesized ILs. It was possible to reduce the reac
- Schmitz, Paulo,Jakelski, Rene,Jalkanen, Kirsi,Winter, Martin,Bieker, Peter
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supporting information
p. 2261 - 2264
(2017/02/23)
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- Anion Analysis of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Purity Assessment by Ion Chromatography
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The simultaneous determination of halide impurities (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide) and ionic liquid (IL) anions (tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and triflimide) using ion chromatography was developed with a basic, non-gradient ion chromatography system. The non-gradient method uses the eluent Na2CO3/NaHCO3in water/acetonitrile (70:30 v:v) on the AS 22 column to enable a rapid and simultaneous analysis of different IL and halide anions within an acceptable run-time (22 min) and with good resolution R of larger than 2.4, a capacity k′ between 0.4 and 5.1, selectivities α between 1.3 and 2.1, and peak asymmetries Asof less than 1.5. Halide impurities below 1 ppm (1 mg·L–1of prepared sample solution) could be quantified. A range of ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate [BF4]–, hexafluorophosphate [PF6]–, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (triflimide) [NTf2]–anions combined with cations based on imidazole, pyridine, and tetrahydrothiophene could be analyzed for their anion purity. The IL-cations do not influence the chromatographic results. With the analysis of 18 ILs differing in their cation-anion combination we could prove the general applicability of the described method for the anion purity analysis of ionic liquids with respect to halide ions. The IL-anion purity of most ILs was above 98 wt %. The highest IL-anion purity was 99.8 wt %, implying anion impurities of only 0.2 wt %. The used halide anion from the synthesis route was the major anion impurity, yet with chloride also bromide and fluoride (potentially from hydrolysis of [BF4]–) were often detected. When iodide was used, at least chloride but sometimes also bromide and fluoride was present. However, even if the IL-anion content is above 99 wt %, it does not necessarily indicate an ionic liquid devoid of other impurities. From the IC analysis, one can also deduce a possible cation impurity if one takes into account the expected (calculated) IL-anion content. A matching experimental and theoretical IL-anion content excludes, a higher experimental content indicates the presence of residual KBF4, NH4PF6, or LiNTf2salt from the halide to IL-anion exchange.
- Rutz, Christina,Schmolke, Laura,Gvilava, Vasily,Janiak, Christoph
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supporting information
p. 130 - 135
(2017/02/05)
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- New method for preparing ionic liquid
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The invention discloses a new method for preparing ionic liquid and belongs to the field of new technology preparation of chemistry and chemical engineering reagents. The method is characterized in that a saturated anion precursor inorganic salt aqueous solution serves as a reaction medium, an ionic liquid product is separated from the saturated aqueous solution and byproducts based on the salting-out principle, reaction time is short, and cost is low. According to the adopted method, the saturated inorganic salt aqueous solution serves as the reaction medium and can be reused, it is avoided that an organic solvent which can pollute the environment or silver salt which is expensive is used, the byproducts can be recycled, and environmental friendliness is achieved. The adopted method is applicable to preparing both hydrophobic ionic liquid and hydrophilic ionic liquid, short in reaction time, high in efficiency and suitable for large-scale industrialized production and application, and needed equipment is simple, easy to operate and low in cost.
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Paragraph 0023
(2016/12/01)
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- Ion liquid in the application in the preparation of bromoethane
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The invention discloses application of an ionic liquid in bromoethane preparation, belonging to the fields of green chemistry and new materials. Under the action of the ionic liquid, hydrobromic acid and ethanol are subjected to substitution reaction; and after the reaction finishes, after-treatment is performed to obtain the bromoethane. The ionic liquid is composed of cations X and anions Y, wherein the cations are imidazole, pyridine, pyrrolidone and other cations containing nitrogen heterocyclic ring, and the anions are various functionalized anions with catalytic action. The ionic liquid is used for preparing the bromoethane, thereby avoiding using the traditional concentrated sulfuric acid, enhancing the reaction efficiency, avoiding generating waste acid and being beneficial to environmental protection. The ionic liquid can be recovered, and is a high-efficiency green synthesis means.
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Paragraph 0048; 0049; 0052-0054
(2017/05/02)
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- Liquid-Crystalline Ionic Liquids as Ordered Reaction Media for the Diels–Alder Reaction
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Liquid-crystalline ionic liquids (LCILs) are ordered materials that have untapped potential to be used as reaction media for synthetic chemistry. This paper investigates the potential for the ordered structures of LCILs to influence the stereochemical outcome of the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate. The ratio of endo- to exo-product from this reaction was monitored for a range of ionic liquids (ILs) and LCILs. Comparison of the endo:exo ratios in these reactions as a function of cation, anion and liquid crystallinity of the reaction media, allowed for the effects of liquid crystallinity to be distinguished from anion effects or cation alkyl chain length effects. These data strongly suggest that the proportion of exo-product increases as the reaction media is changed from an isotropic IL to a LCIL. A detailed molecular dynamics (MD) study suggests that this effect is related to different hydrogen bonding interactions between the reaction media and the exo- and endo-transition states in solvents with layered, smectic ordering compared to those that are isotropic.
- Bruce, Duncan W.,Gao, Yanan,Canongia Lopes, José Nuno,Shimizu, Karina,Slattery, John M.
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supporting information
p. 16113 - 16123
(2016/10/26)
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- Impregnation of different ionic liquids onto cationic starch and their comparison in the extraction of Th(IV)
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Cationic starch (CS) was prepared by using epichlorohydrin (EPI) and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTMA) and ionic liquids (ILs) having different anionic groups [1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI+ BF-4), ),lyhtem-3-lytub-1imidazolium (BMIIMB(+ Br Br-), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI+ PF-6 ), and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BMI+ [(TF)2 N]-)] were impregnated onto CS. Thorium(IV) ions were preconcentrated by using IL impregnated CS. The effects of ILs were investigated for extraction of Th(IV) by CS and the results were compared. Th(IV) was preconcentrated with approximately 73% sorption capacity by CS and increased up to 98%-100% for IL impregnated sorbents at pH 7.0. The sorption capacities of Th(IV) were 0.453 mmol g-1 , 0.399 mmol g-1 , 0.281 mmol g-1 , and 0.183 mmol g-1 CS-BMI+ Br- , CS-BMI+ [(TF)2 N], CS-BMI+ PF-6 andCS-BMI+ BF-4 , respectively. The elution occurred with HCl and NaOH solutions at pH 7.0. for.
- Bursali, Elif Ant,Bozkurt, Serap Seyhan,Yurdako?, Mürüvvet
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p. 364 - 372
(2016/05/24)
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- Efficient ionic liquid synthesis method
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The invention relates to an efficient ionic liquid synthesis method. The efficient ionic liquid synthesis method is characterized in that an ultrasonic and microwave synergistic heating manner is adopted in an ionic liquid synthesis process. Through the new method adopting the ultrasonic and microwave synergistic heating manner to synthetize the ionic liquid, the reaction time is shortened, the reaction temperature is reduced, the energy consumption is reduced, and the obtained target product, namely the ionic liquid, is high in purity and less in by-product, and has a potential possibility of large scale popularization.
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Paragraph 0020; 0021
(2017/01/02)
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- Efficient iron(III) porphyrins-catalyzed oxidation of guanidoximes to cyanamides in ionic liquids
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Water soluble iron(III) porphyrins immobilized in imidazolium ionic liquids serve as an effective catalyst for the H2O2 mediated oxidation of guanidoximes to selectively give corresponding cyanamides in good yields. The use of ionic liquid with non-coordinating counter anion PF6 affords the product in high yield by facilitating the formation of anionic iron peroxo intermediate. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Kumari, Pratibha,Nagpal, Ritika,Chauhan, Prashant,Yatindranath, Vinith,Chauhan, Shive M. S.
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- One-pot water-free ionic liquids synthesis using trialkyl orthoesters
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The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of an ionic liquid, including a step of manufacturing an amine based compound or a heterocyclic compound including alkylated nitrogen made by making a negative ion salt compound and trialkyl ortho esters react with at least one among heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen and amine based compounds.COPYRIGHT KIPO 2015
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Paragraph 0108-0112
(2016/10/10)
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- Activity investigation of imidazolium-based ionic liquid as catalyst for friedel-crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds
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N-Methylimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesised from N-methylimidazole and 1-bromobutane by two-step method. The alkylation of benzene and other aromatic compounds through improved Friedel-Crafts reaction was investigated in these ionic liquids. The imidazolium-based ionic liquids showed both high activity and high selectivity for this reaction. In particular, remarkable enhancement of the catalytic effect of the imidazolium-based ionic liquids was observed for the ionic liquids containing the PF6- anion. The effects of various types of anions, ionic liquid dosage, reaction temperature and molar ratio of aromatic compound to 1-bromobutane/tertbutyl alcohol were explored using [Bmim]PF6 or its mixture with AlCl3 as catalyst. The synthesis yielded improved results over those obtained using either neat AlCl3 or other imidazolium-based ionic liquids as catalyst. The ionic liquids can also be recycled and reused in contrast to traditional solvent-catalyst systems.
- Cai, Mingjian,Wang, Xiuge
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p. 649 - 653
(2015/01/30)
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- Asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxy butanoate using dried baker's yeast in aqueous/ionic liquid biphasic system
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A process of highly stereoselective reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3- oxobutanoate to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxy butanoate with Baker's yeast was established. Compared with the aqueous/organic solvent biphasic system, the aqueous/ionic liquid biphasic system could eliminate high toxicity of organic solvent and make the convenience of product separation. Baker's yeast showed the best catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in the aqueous/[Bmim]PF6 biphasic system among the biphasic systems. Under the optimum conditions: [Bmim]PF6 180 g/L, dried baker's yeast 60 g/L, glucose 0.8 mol/L, ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate 0.08 mol/L, temperature 30 °C, pH 7.0, 24 h and shaking speed 180 rpm, the yield and the e.e. value of (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxy butanoate reached 92.6 % and 95.4 %, respectively.
- Tan, Zhongqin,Du, Huan,Han, Xiaoxiang,Yang, Zheyao,Wu, Xiaodan
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p. 2695 - 2698
(2014/06/09)
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- Convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of phthalocyanines and metallophthalocyanines in task-specific 2-hydroxyethyl ionic liquids
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Tetramerization of substituted phthalonitriles in task-specific 2-hydroxylethyl-based imidazolium and ammonium ionic liquids at 100 °C gave corresponding phthalocyanines in moderate yield. Further the reaction of substituted phthalonitriles in the presence of transition-metal salts in ionic liquids gave the corresponding metallophthalocyanines. The 2-hydroxylethyl ammonium ionic liquids gave better yields of phthalocyanines than 2-hydroxylethyl imidazolium and nonhydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids. The isolation and separations of different phthalocyanines were accomplished by silica-gel column chromatography, and products were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques.
- Yadav, Kumar Karitkey,Poonam,Chauhan, Shive M. S.
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supporting information
p. 2797 - 2807
(2014/10/15)
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- A facile approach of Diels-Alder reaction in imidazolium-based ionic liquids at room temperature
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A Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and 1- p-tolyl-2,5-dione was conducted in imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Imidazolium cation was utilised with counter anions, [BF 4] and [PF6], as the solvents to carry out the desired Diels-Alder reaction. In this work, the diene and dienophile were introduced into the ionic liquids for 72 hours at room temperature. The desired cycloadduct was prepared by a green chemistry procedure in high yield. The expected cycloadduct was characterized on the MS as well as FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Herein we report, only the [Bmim][BF4] ionic liquid gave the desired cycloadduct in 86% yield compared to [Bmim][PF6]. Diels-Alder reaction, anthracene, imidazolium-based ionic liquids. We would like to thank the School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Centre for Research and Instrument (CRIM), University Kebangsaan Malaysia for instrumental facilities as well as grants GUP- 2012-073 and GGPM-2013-038 for funding the project and the Ministry of Higher Education.
- Johari, Nur Liyana Sakinah,Hassan, Nur Hasyareeda,Hassan, Nurul Izzaty
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p. 1191 - 1196
(2015/02/19)
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- A general and direct synthesis of imidazolium ionic liquids using orthoesters
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A general method to synthesize halide and halide-free ionic liquids was developed. Direct alkylation of imidazole and pyridine derivatives was performed in the presence of an acid using an orthoester as the alkyl donor yielding ionic liquid products. Residual Cl and water contents of the ionic liquids were determined by ion chromatography and a Karl-Fisher test. the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Kim, Do Joong,Oh, Kyung Hwan,Park, Jin Kyoon
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p. 4098 - 4101
(2014/11/07)
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