- Induction of mitochondrial apoptosis for cancer therapy: Via dual-targeted cascade-responsive multifunctional micelles
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Herein, we present a prodrug-loaded multifunctional polymer micelle with hyaluronidase/redox/light multilevel responses and with cell membrane/mitochondrion-dual targeting abilities. This nanocarrier can be internalized by tumor cells via CD44 receptor-mediated targeting. The encapsulated prodrug is released as the carrier is dissociated after the initial degradation of the hyaluronic acid layer by hyaluronidase, followed by the cleavage of the disulfide bonds between hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments in the micelle under the conditions of increased levels of GSH in the cytoplasm. The released prodrug can rapidly target the mitochondria via the TPP function, and convert to the free drug cisplatin through a redox-responsiveness effect. Simultaneously, the membrane permeability of the mitochondria can be improved by the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) from light irradiation, thus allowing the entry of cisplatin into the mitochondria and causing mitochondrial damage, ultimately leading to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, this nanoformulation shows a highly effective anticancer efficacy in vivo.
- Wei, Guoqing,Wang, Yi,Huang, Xuehui,Yang, Guang,Zhao, Jingya,Zhou, Shaobing
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Read Online
- 5-(2-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoic acid from a terrestrial Streptomycete
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From a terrestrial Streptomycete, GW 10/2517, the new 5-(2-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoic acid (1a) was isolated. The structure of 1a was proven by a detailed spectroscopic analysis and by synthesis.
- Mukku, Venugopal J. R. V.,Maskey, Rajendra P.,Monecke, Peter,Grün-Wollny, Iris,Laatsch, Hartmut
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Read Online
- Triphenylphosphonium salts of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides related to diazoxide targeting mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels
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The present work aims at identifying new ion channel modulators able to target mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP channels). An innovative approach should consist in fixing a cationic and hydrophobic triphenylphosphonium f
- Constant-Urban, Céline,Charif, Mounia,Goffin, Eric,Van Heugen, Jean-Claude,Elmoualij, Bena?ssa,Chiap, Patrice,Mouithys-Mickalad, Ange,Serteyn, Didier,Lebrun, Philippe,Pirotte, Bernard,De Tullio, Pascal
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Read Online
- Stepwise dual targeting and dual responsive polymer micelles for mitochondrion therapy
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Methods to selectively destroy mitochondria of tumor cells and induce cell apoptosis with nanomedicine constitute challenges in cancer therapy. In the present study, we develop cell membrane/mitochondria dual targeting and pH/redox dual responsive nanoparticles for mitochondrion therapy. The nanoparticles are fabricated by the self-assembly of triphenylphosphonium (TPP) grafted poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-poly(d,L-lactide)(PLA) copolymers (TPP-PEG-ss-PLA) using disulfide bonds as the intermediate linkers. To shield the surface positive charge of the nanoparticles from TPP composition, chondroitin sulfate (CS) is employed to coat the nanoparticles, and this prolongs blood circulation while endowing an active targeting ability to the cell membrane. In acidic lyso-somes/endosomes, the negatively charged CS layer falls away to expose the TPP component. Subsequently, in the cyto-plasm, the nanoparticles can anchor to the mitochondrial outer membrane by TPP-mediated targeting, thereby inducing a decrease in the membrane potential and opening of the permeability transition pore. Thus, the overproduction of ROS in the mitochondria promotes cell apoptosis. The released DOX directly diffuse into the mitochondria, thereby resulting in mito-chondrial DNA damage. Therefore, the nanoparticles exhibit significant potential in terms of a new avenue for mitochondrion therapy in cancer treatment.
- Wang, Yi,Wei, Guoqing,Yang, Guang,Zhang, Xiaobin,Zhao, Jingya,Zhou, Shaobing
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Read Online
- Triphenylphosphine modification-based mitochondrion targeted melatonin as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention belongs to the field of biological medicines, and relates to mitochondrial targeting melatonin as well as a preparation method and application thereof, in particular to triphenylphosphine modification-based mitochondrial targeting melatonin
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Paragraph 0051-0056
(2021/02/10)
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- CANNABINOIDS AND USES THEREOF
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The invention relates to cannabinoid compounds, pharmaceutical compositions including one or more cannabinoid compounds, and the use of pharmaceutical compositions including one or more cannabinoid compounds for the treatment of a disease or condition (e.
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Page/Page column 122
(2021/06/11)
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- Phosphonium-based ionic liquids: Economic and efficient catalysts for the solvent-free cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxidized soybean vegetable oil to obtain potential bio-based polymers precursors
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A series of phosphonium-based ionic liquids have been prepared in one step in a simple way from inexpensive feedstocks. The prepared ionic liquids have been successfully tested as catalysts in the solvent-free cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to an epoxidized soybean oil to obtain carbonated soybean oil that can be potentially employed as bio-monomer in the synthesis for bio-based polymers. The catalytic performance of these ionic liquids was compared to the widely used and benchmark catalyst in CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides reaction, namely tetrabutylammonium bromide at different reaction conditions. The influence of some reaction parameters such as temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount was studied. It has been found that the solubility of the prepared ionic liquids in the reaction media (epoxidized soybean oil) is a key factor that limits the catalytic performance of some of the synthesized ionic liquids. All prepared ionic liquids have shown higher thermal stability that the benchmark catalyst and three of them have shown superior catalytic performance. The best results in terms of conversion and selectivity have been obtained with dodecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5) achieving almost full conversion (99.8%) and excellent selectivity (84.0%) after 5 h reaction at 160 oC and 40 bar of CO2. Outstanding results compared to those reported in the literature with similar catalysts in the solvent-free CO2 cycloaddtion to an epoxidized soybean oil to obtain the corresponding carbonated oil have been achieved. Considering the facile synthesis of catalyst 5, the large availability and non-expensive of the feedstocks and its catalytic performance it can be considered a valuable and green alternative for CO2 fixation to epoxidized vegetable oil.
- Centeno-Pedrazo, A.,Freixa, Z.,Garcia-Suarez, E. J.,Perez-Arce, J.,Prieto-Fernandez, S.
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- Mitochondrial targeting neuroprotective medicine TPP-QT as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention belongs to the field of biopharmacy and relates to a nerve protection drug, in particular to a mitochondria-targeted nerve protection drug TPP-QT as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Its structural formula is: QT And TPP
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Paragraph 0032
(2021/10/27)
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- Synthesis of solandelactone F, constanolactone A and an advanced intermediate towards solandelactone e from a common synthetic intermediate
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The stereoselective synthesis of solandelactone F, constanolactone A and an advanced intermediate towards solandelactone E, from a common synthetic intermediate, is disclosed. The propargylic sulfide stereocenter is created stereoselectively via carbon-carbon bond formation in the reaction of α-chloro sulfides with alkynylzinc reagents via 1,2-asymmetric induction by a β-siloxy group. The characteristic 1,4-diol motif of the natural products is introduced by a [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of an allylic sulfoxide or by the Mislow-Evans-Braverman rearrangement of a propargylic sulfoxide followed by stereoselective reduction of the ensuing α,β-unsaturated ketone. Unlike earlier reports, the C11/C9 carbinol center is created with excellent stereocontrol and derivatives of natural products differing at C14/C12 can be readily obtained. Catalytic asymmetric protocols and substrate-controlled asymmetric induction are utilized for the efficient introduction of the stereogenic centers.
- Yalla, Raju,Raghavan, Sadagopan
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p. 4572 - 4592
(2019/05/16)
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- Total Synthesis of the Antidiabetic (Type 2) Lipid Mediator Protectin DX/PDX
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The first total synthesis of a lipid mediator derived from natural ?-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 10S,17S-diHDHA (also referred to as protectin DX/PDX), was achieved in a convergent route (29 steps). The two chiral hydroxyl groups at C-10 and
- Sancéau, Jean-Yves,Maltais, René,Poirier, Donald,Marette, André
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p. 495 - 505
(2019/01/24)
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- C(alkenyl)-H Activation via Six-Membered Palladacycles: Catalytic 1,3-Diene Synthesis
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A catalytic method to prepare highly substituted 1,3-dienes from two different alkenes is described using a directed, palladium(II)-mediated C(alkenyl)-H activation strategy. The transformation exhibits broad scope across three synthetically useful substrate classes masked with suitable bidentate auxiliaries (4-pentenoic acids, allylic alcohols, and bishomoallylic amines) and tolerates internal nonconjugated alkenes, which have traditionally been a challenging class of substrates in this type of chemistry. Catalytic turnover is enabled by either MnO2 as the stoichiometric oxidant or co-catalytic Co(OAc)2 and O2 (1 atm). Experimental and computational studies were performed to elucidate the preference for C(alkenyl)-H activation over other potential pathways. As part of this effort, a structurally unique alkenylpalladium(II) dimer was isolated and characterized.
- Liu, Mingyu,Yang, Pusu,Karunananda, Malkanthi K.,Wang, Yanyan,Liu, Peng,Engle, Keary M.
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supporting information
p. 5805 - 5813
(2018/05/14)
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- Rational design of mitochondria-targeted pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 inhibitors with improved selectivity and antiproliferative activity
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Herein, triphenylphosphonium cation moieties were incorporated into a dichloroacetophenone derivative, leading to the discovery of novel mitochondria-targeted and tumor-specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) inhibitors. Biological studies suggest
- Xu, Biao,Yu, Zhimei,Xiang, Sichuan,Li, Yunshan,Zhang, Shao-Lin,He, Yun
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p. 275 - 284
(2018/06/20)
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- TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF HBV DISEASES BY CYCLOSPORINE ANALOGUE MOLECULES MODIFIED AT AMINO ACIDES 1 AND 3
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The present application relates to a method of treating and/or preventing a hepatitis B virus (HBV) disease through inhibiting the interaction of CypA with HBV X protein (HBx) and/or Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula L.
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Page/Page column 29; 32
(2018/06/30)
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- Synthetic method and application of Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand pheromone
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The invention relates to the field of pesticide chemical technology, specifically to a synthetic method of Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand pheromone. The Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand pheromone is (R)-10,14-dimethylpentadecaneisobutyrate, which is syn
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Paragraph 0030; 0031; 0032
(2017/08/31)
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- Combination of Lewis Basic Selenium Catalysis and Redox Selenium Chemistry: Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthiolated Tertiary Alcohols with Alkenes
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A new and efficient method for diaryl selenide catalyzed vicinal CF3S hydroxylation of 1,1-multisubstitued alkenes has been developed. Various trifluoromethylthiolated tertiary alcohols could be readily synthesized under mild conditions. This method is also effective for the intramolecular cyclization of alkenes tethered by carboxylic acid, hydroxy, sulfamide, or ester groups and is associated with the introduction of a CF3S group. Mechanistic studies have revealed that the pathway involves a redox cycle between Se(II) and Se(IV) and Lewis basic selenium catalysis.
- Zhu, Zechen,Luo, Jie,Zhao, Xiaodan
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supporting information
p. 4940 - 4943
(2017/09/23)
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- Novel multifunctional dopamine D2/D3receptors agonists with potential neuroprotection and anti-alpha synuclein protein aggregation properties
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Our ongoing drug development endeavor to design compounds for symptomatic and neuroprotective treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) led us to carry out a structure activity relationship study based on dopamine agonists pramipexole and 5-OHDPAT. Our goal was to incorporate structural elements in these agonists in a way to preserve their agonist activity while producing inhibitory activity against aggregation of α-synuclein protein. In our design we appended various catechol and related phenol derivatives to the parent agonists via different linker lengths. Structural optimization led to development of several potent agonists among which (?)-8a, (?)-14 and (?)-20 exhibited potent neuroprotective properties in a cellular PD model involving neurotoxin 6-OHDA. The lead compounds (?)-8a and (?)-14 were able to modulate aggregation of α-synuclein protein efficiently. Finally, in an in vivo PD animal model, compound (?)-8a exhibited efficacious anti-parkinsonian effect.
- Luo, Dan,Sharma, Horrick,Yedlapudi, Deepthi,Antonio, Tamara,Reith, Maarten E.A.,Dutta, Aloke K.
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p. 5088 - 5102
(2016/10/22)
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- Synthesis of antifungal alatanone and trineurone polyketides
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The antifungal polyketides alatanones A and B and trineurones A–E have been synthesized using a one-pot C-acylation reaction coupling 1,3-cyclohexanediones with the appropriate carboxylic acids. This key transformation is believed to proceed via initial carbodiimide-mediated O-acylation followed by a DMAP-catalyzed Claisen–Haase rearrangement, resulting in O to C acyl migration.
- Lewis, Alexander R.,Reber, Keith P.
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supporting information
p. 1083 - 1086
(2018/03/23)
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- Selective Functionalization of Antimycin A Through an N-Transacylation Reaction
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Acylation of 3-(N-formylamino)salicylic acids resulted in transacylation with loss of the formyl moiety. The reaction proceeds through a bis-N-acylated intermediate, which undergoes facile deformylation. This transacylation reaction has been employed for the site-specific functionalization of the mitochondrial poison antimycin A, affording several novel derivatives. The selective cytotoxicity of some of these derivatives toward cultured A549 human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells, in comparison with WI-38 normal human lung fibroblasts, illustrates one application of this transacylation reaction.
- Chevalier, Arnaud,Zhang, Yanmin,Khdour, Omar M.,Hecht, Sidney M.
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supporting information
p. 2395 - 2398
(2016/06/09)
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- Organoselenium-catalyzed synthesis of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles
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A new and efficient approach for the synthesis of oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles by organoselenium catalysis has been developed. The exo-cyclization proceeded smoothly under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies revealed that 1-fluoropyridinium triflate is key for oxidative cyclization.
- Guo, Ruizhi,Huang, Jiachen,Huang, Haiyan,Zhao, Xiaodan
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supporting information
p. 504 - 507
(2016/02/18)
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- Functionalized phosphonium-based ionic liquids as efficient catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from expoxides and carbon dioxide
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A series of novel functionalized phosphonium-based ionic liquids (FPBILs) were synthesized by a simple method, and first evaluated as catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates through the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides in the absence of co-catalyst and solvent. The FPBILs perform well in the cycloaddition reaction, especially the carboxyl-functionalized one. Over [Ph3PC2H4COOH]Br, the yield of propylene carbonate is 97.3% (TOF = 64.9 h-1) at 130 C and 2.5 MPa in 3 h. The synergistic effects of polarization induced by hydrogen bonding and nucleophilic attack of Br-anion account for the excellent performance. Furthermore, the FPBILs with moderate methylene chain length show superior catalytic activity. It is because they have both strong acidity and weak electrostatic interaction between phosphonium cation and halide anion. The strong acidity facilitates the ring-opening of epoxyl, and the weak electrostatic interaction enhances the nucleophilic attack capability of Br -. It is envisaged that the metal- and solvent-free process has high potential for the catalytic conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals.
- Dai, Wei-Li,Jin, Bi,Luo, Sheng-Lian,Luo, Xu-Biao,Tu, Xin-Man,Au, Chak-Tong
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p. 183 - 188
(2014/01/06)
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- A photo-favorskii ring contraction reaction: The effect of ring size
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The effect of ring size on the photo-Favorskii induced ring-contraction reaction of the hydroxybenzocycloalkanonyl acetate and mesylate esters (7a-d, 8a-c) has provided new insight into the mechanism of the rearrangement. By monotonically decreasing the ring size in these cyclic derivatives, the increasing ring strain imposed on the formation of the elusive bicyclic spirocyclopropanone 20 results in a divergence away from rearrangement and toward solvolysis. Cycloalkanones of seven or eight carbons undergo a highly efficient photo-Favorskii rearrangement with ring contraction paralleling the photochemistry of p-hydroxyphenacyl esters. In contrast, the five-carbon ring does not rearrange but is diverted to the photosolvolysis channel avoiding the increased strain energy that would accompany the formation of the spirobicyclic ketone, the "Favorskii intermediate 20". The six-carbon analogue demonstrates the bifurcation in reaction channels, yielding a solvent-sensitive mixture of both. Employing a combination of time-resolved absorption measurements, quantum yield determinations, isotopic labeling, and solvent variation studies coupled with theoretical treatment, a more comprehensive mechanistic description of the rearrangement has emerged.
- Kammath, Viju Balachandran,?olomek, Tomá?,Ngoy, Bokolombe Pitchou,Heger, Dominik,Klán, Petr,Rubina, Marina,Givens, Richard S.
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supporting information
p. 1718 - 1729
(2013/03/29)
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- Volatile amphibian pheromones: Macrolides from mantellid frogs from madagascar
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Amphibians like water, but do they also notice volatile compounds in the air? Yes, they do. Macrolides, such as phoracantholide-J (see picture; upper right structure) or the newly discovered natural product gephyromantolide-A (left structure), are used for communication by mantelline frogs from Madagascar. Copyright
- Poth, Dennis,Wollenberg, Katharina C.,Vences, Miguel,Schulz, Stefan
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2187 - 2190
(2012/04/10)
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- Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of 1-methyl-2-alkenyl- 4(1H)-quinolones
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A series of 23 new 1-methyl-2-alkenyl-4(1H)quinolones have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antimycobacterial activities against fast growing species of mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. smegmatis and M. phlei. The compounds displayed good to excellent inhibition of the growth of the mycobacterial test strains with improved antimycobacterial activity compared to the hit compound, evocarpine. The most active compounds, which possessed chain length of 11-13 carbons at position-2 displayed potent inhibitory effects with an MIC value of 1.0 mg/L. In a human diploid embryonic lung cell line, MRC-5 cytotoxicity assay, the alkaloids showed weak to moderate cytotoxic activity. Biological evaluation of these evocarpine analogues on the less pathogenic fast growing strains of mycobacteria showed an interesting antimycobacterial profile and provided significant insight into the structure-activity relationships.
- Wube, Abraham A.,Hüfner, Antje,Thomaschitz, Christina,Blunder, Martina,Kollroser, Manfred,Bauer, Rudolf,Bucar, Franz
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experimental part
p. 567 - 579
(2011/03/17)
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- Aminothiocarbamate-catalyzed asymmetric bromolactonization of 1,2-disubstituted olefinic acids
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An efficient and enantioselective bromolactonization of 1,2-disubstituted olefinic acids using an amino-thiocarbamate catalyst has been developed, resulting in the formation of δ-lactones containing two chiral centers with up to 99% yield, 95% ee.
- Tan, Chong Kiat,Zhou, Ling,Yeung, Ying-Yeung
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2738 - 2741
(2011/06/26)
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- Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: Modulation at the N-portion of biphenyl-3-yl alkylcarbamates
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Alkylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl esters are a class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors that comprises cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3′-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester (URB597), a compound with analgesic, anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like propert
- Mor, Marco,Lodola, Alessio,Rivara, Silvia,Vacondio, Federica,Duranti, Andrea,Tontini, Andrea,Sanchini, Silvano,Piersanti, Giovanni,Clapper, Jason R.,King, Alvin R.,Tarzia, Giorgio,Piomelli, Daniele
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experimental part
p. 3487 - 3498
(2009/04/11)
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- Cleavable linker for solid phase synthesis
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Cleavable alkene-containing linkers and supports useful for the solid phase synthesis of chemical compounds, and combinatorial libraries of compounds, are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the linkers and supports.
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(2010/02/07)
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- Synthesis and nematocidal activity of aralkyl- and aralkenylamides related to piperamide on second-stage larvae of Toxocara canis
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Seventy-nine aralkyl- and aralkenylamides related to piperamides were synthesized and their nematocidal activity against second-stage larvae of dog roundworm, Toxocara canis, was examined. The activity was greatly dependent on the alkyl chain length and the nature of the amine moiety, but was scarcely affected by the presence or absence of double bond(s) in the chain. The alkyl chain lengths which showed the strongest activity in a series of homologues were m=11 for the pyrrolidine amides and m=13 for the N- methylpiperazine amides. Although piperamides (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl homologues) showed the strongest activity among the homologues tested, methoxy substituent(s) on the aromatic ring did not have much effect on the activity. However, conversion of the methoxy group to a hydroxy group greatly decreased the activity and shortened the chain length giving the strongest activity. Calculated log P values of non-phenolic aryl-piperamides fell in the range from 3.5 to 4.5, whereas those of hydroxyphenyl-piperamides were smaller, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in the nematocidal activity of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds.
- Kiuchi, Fumiyuki,Nakamura, Norio,Saito, Makiko,Komagome, Kazue,Hiramatsu, Hirokuni,Takimoto, Noriaki,Akao, Nobuaki,Kondo, Kaoru,Tsuda, Yoshisuke
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p. 685 - 696
(2007/10/03)
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- 7-oxabicycloheptyl substituted heterocyclic amide or ester prostaglandin analogs useful in the treatment of thrombotic and vasospastic disease
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7-Oxabicycloheptane substituted prostaglandin analogs useful in treating thrombotic and vasopastic disease have the structural formula STR1 wherein m is 1, 2 or 3; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Z is --(CH2)2 --, --CH=CH-- or STR2 wherein Y is O, a single bond or vinyl, with the proviso that when n is 0, if Z is STR3 then Y cannot be O, and Z is --CH=CH--, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and when Y=vinyl, n=0; R is CO2 H, CO2 lower alkyl, CH2 OH, CO2 alkali metal, CONHSOR3, CONHR3a or --CH2 --5-tetrazolyl, X is O, S or NH; and where R1, R2, R3 and R3a are as defined herein.
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- Synthesis of Chiral Vinylglycines
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(R)- or (S)-benzyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinecarboxylate (7a) and (R)- or (S)-1,1-dimethylethyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinecarboxylate (7b), readily available from serine, react with Wittig reagents to give alkenes 8.Selective deprotection followed by oxidation of the resulting unsaturated amino alcohols 9 provides vinylglycines 5 of defined configuration (>95percent ee) and double-bond geometry.D-Vinylglycines are obtained from L-serine, and conversely, D-serine gives β,γ-unsaturated amino acids with the L configuration.The double-bond geometry is controlled by the nature of the phosphorous ylide employed.The scope and limitations of this new methodology for the preparation of chiral vinylglycines is examined.
- Beaulieu, Pierre L.,Duceppe, Jean-Simon,Johnson, Carolyne
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p. 4196 - 4204
(2007/10/02)
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- Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitors (TXSI). Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Novel Series of ω-Pyridylalkenoic Acids
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A novel series of ω-pyridylalkenoic acids has been prepared by applying the Wittig reaction.Modifications were made in the ω-aryl moiety, the alkylene chain length, the α-methylene group adjacent to the carbonyl group, and the carboxyl group in the molecu
- Kato, Kaneyoshi,Ohkawa, Shigenori,Terao, Shinji,Terashita, Zen-ichi,Nishikawa, Kohei
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p. 287 - 294
(2007/10/02)
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- CIS-4,5-Didehydro-15- or 16-alkylated 11-deoxy-PGE1 analogs
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This invention relates to a group of cis-4,5-didehydro-11-deoxy-PG1 analogs having variable chain length, optional methyl substitution in the methyl-terminated side-chain, and processes for making them. These compounds are useful for a variety of pharmacological purposes, including ulcer treatment, inhibition of platelet aggregation, increase of nasal patency, and labor induction at term.
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