197508-62-6Relevant articles and documents
Biosynthesis of the algal pheromone fucoserratene by the freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa (Bacillariophyceae)
Hombeck, Marc,Boland, Wilhelm
, p. 11033 - 11042 (1998)
The freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa (Bacillariophyceae) produces octa-1,3E,5Z-triene (6) (fucoserratene), previously identified as the sexual pheromone of the brown seaweed Fucus serratus. Fucoserratene is biosynthesised from eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid (7) by oxidative cleavage of the corresponding 12-hydroperoxy intermediate 8. The biosynthetic sequence was established using eicosa5,8,11,14-tetraen-17-ynoic acid (18), a structural analogue of 7, which was converted to octa-1,3E-dien-5-yne (21), a structural analogue of 6, by homogenates of Asterionella formosa. In addition, a general approach to highly unsaturated eicosanoids from arachidonic acid is described.
Epoxide metabolites of arachidonate and docosahexaenoate function conversely in acute kidney injury involved in GSK3β signaling
Deng, Bing-Qing,Luo, Ying,Kang, Xin,Li, Chang-Bin,Morisseau, Christophe,Yang, Jun,Lee, Kin Sing Stephen,Huang, Jian,Hu, Da-Yong,Wu, Ming-Yu,Peng, Ai,Hammock, Bruce D.,Liu, Jun-Yan
, p. 12608 - 12613 (2017)
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes severe morbidity and mortality for which new therapeutic strategies are needed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and their metabolites have various effects in kidney injury, but their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that 14 (15)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid [14 (15)-EET] and 19 (20)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid [19 (20)-EDP], the major epoxide metabolites of ARA and DHA, respectively, have contradictory effects on kidney injury in a murine model of ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R)-caused AKI. Specifically, 14 (15)-EET mitigated while 19 (20)-EDP exacerbated I/R kidney injury. Manipulation of the endogenous 19 (20)-EDP or 14 (15)-EET by alteration of their degradation or biosynthesis with selective inhibitors resulted in anticipated effects. These observations are supported by renal histological analysis, plasma levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and renal NGAL. The 14 (15)-EET significantly reversed the I/R-caused reduction in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation in murine kidney, dose-dependently inhibited the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-caused apoptosis of murine renal tubular epithelial cells (mRTECs), and reversed the H/R-caused reduction in GSK3β phosphorylation in mRTECs. In contrast, 19 (20)-EDP dose-dependently promoted H/R-caused apoptosis and worsened the reduction in GSK3β phosphorylation in mRTECs. In addition, 19 (20)-EDP was more metabolically stable than 14 (15)-EET in vivo and in vitro. Overall, these epoxide metabolites of ARA and DHA function conversely in I/R-AKI, possibly through their largely different metabolic stability and their opposite effects in modulation of H/R-caused RTEC apoptosis and GSK3β phosphorylation. This study provides AKI patients with promising therapeutic strategies and clinical cautions.
Potent anandamide analogs: The effect of changing the length and branching of the end pentyl chain
Ryan, William J.,Kenneth Banner,Wiley, Jenny L.,Martin, Billy R.,Razdan, Raj K.
, p. 3617 - 3625 (1997)
To examine the effect of changing the length and branching of the end pentyl chain (C5H11) of anandamide (AN), various analogs la-h and 2a-f were synthesized from either the known aldehyde ester 6a or from the alcohol 6b and tested for their pharmacological activity. A reproducible procedure was developed for the conversion of arachidonic acid to 6a or 6b in gram quantities (overall yield 15%). The appropriate tetraene esters 7 were prepared by carrying out a Wittig reaction, between 6a and the ylide generated from the phosphonium salt of the appropriate alkyl halide or between the ylide of 6d (prepared from 6a → 6b → 6c → 6d) and the appropriate alkyl aldehydes. They were then hydrolyzed to the corresponding acids and transformed into AN analogs 1 via their acid chlorides then treated with excess ethanolamine. α-Alkylation of esters 7 gave compounds 8 which were hydrolyzed to the corresponding acids. These acids via their acid chlorides and subsequent treatment with excess fluoroethylamine gave the target compounds 2. In this way analogs 1e and 2a-c were synthesized from 6d while all the remaining analogs were prepared from 6a. In order to assess the optimal length of the alkyl terminus, analogs la-d were prepared and showed moderately high affinities(18-55 nM). However analogs la-c failed to produce significant pharmacological effects at doses up to 30 mg/kg. Analog 1d was found to be a weak partial agonist. The reason for the lack of activity in la-c is presently not clear. Like the THCs, the branching of the end pentyl chain in AN (1e-h) increased potency both in in vitro and in vive activities; the dimethylheptyl (DMH) analog 1e was the most potent in the series. Similar alkyl substitutions were carried out in the fluoro-2-methylanandamide series (2a-f), and all of these analogs had high receptor affinities (1-14 nM), the DMH analog 2a being the most potent. With a few exceptions they showed robust pharmacological effects, and AN-like profiles. It was shown that the SAR of the end pentyl chain in AN is very similar to that of THCs. However, the magnitude of enhanced potency observed when the side chain of THC was changed from straight to branched was not observed when the end chain of AN was similarly changed.
Synthesis of 15N and 13C selectively labeled anandamide
Xie, Xiang-Qun,Yang, Hongqin,Choi, Greg,Lin, Sunyuan,Makriyannis, Alexandros
, p. 775 - 784 (2002)
Anandamide (Figure 1a) (arachidonyl ethanolamide, AEA), (5Z,8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenamide, is an endogenous cannabinoid ligand possessing important biological activity. The conformation of AEA in its native receptor binding
Anthracycline derivatives inhibit cardiac CYP2J2
Kim, Justin S.,Arango, Andres S.,Shah, Swapnil,Arnold, William R.,Tajkhorshid, Emad,Das, Aditi
, (2022/01/26)
Anthracycline chemotherapeutics are highly effective, but their clinical usefulness is hampered by adverse side effects such as cardiotoxicity. Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) is a cytochrome P450 epoxygenase in human cardiomyocytes that converts arachidonic acid (AA) to cardioprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers. Herein, we performed biochemical studies to understand the interaction of anthracycline derivatives (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, 5-iminodaunorubicin, zorubicin, valrubicin, and aclarubicin) with CYP2J2. We utilized fluorescence polarization (FP) to assess whether anthracyclines bind to CYP2J2. We found that aclarubicin bound the strongest to CYP2J2 despite it having large bulky groups. We determined that ebastine competitively inhibits anthracycline binding, suggesting that ebastine and anthracyclines may share the same binding site. Molecular dynamics and ensemble docking revealed electrostatic interactions between the anthracyclines and CYP2J2, contributing to binding stability. In particular, the glycosamine groups in anthracyclines are stabilized by binding to glutamate and aspartate residues in CYP2J2 forming salt bridge interactions. Furthermore, we used iterative ensemble docking schemes to gauge anthracycline influence on EET regioisomer production and anthracycline inhibition on AA metabolism. This was followed by experimental validation of CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of anthracycline derivatives using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis and inhibition of CYP2J2-mediated AA metabolism by these derivatives. Taken together, we use both experimental and theoretical methodologies to unveil the interactions of anthracycline derivatives with CYP2J2. These studies will help identify alternative mechanisms of how anthracycline cardiotoxicity may be mediated through the inhibition of cardiac P450, which will aid in the design of new anthracycline derivatives with lower toxicity.
Repurposing Resveratrol and Fluconazole to Modulate Human Cytochrome P450-Mediated Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
El-Sherbeni, Ahmed A.,El-Kadi, Ayman O. S.
, p. 1278 - 1288 (2016/04/26)
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) to several biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Repurposing clinically-approved drugs could provide safe and readily available means
Endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are substrates for human CYP2J2 epoxygenase
McDougle, Daniel R.,Kambalyal, Amogh,Meling, Daryl D.,Das, Aditi
, p. 616 - 627 (2015/01/16)
The endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives that are known to regulate human cardiovascular functions. CYP2J2 is the primary cytochrome P450 in the human heart and is most well known for the metabolism of AA to the biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. In this study, we demonstrate that both 2-AG and AEA are substrates for metabolism by CYP2J2 epoxygenase in the model membrane bilayers of nanodiscs. Reactions of CYP2J2 with AEA formed four AEA-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, whereas incubations with 2-AG yielded detectable levels of only two 2-AG epoxides. Notably, 2-AG was shown to undergo enzymatic oxidative cleavage to form AA through a NADPH-dependent reaction with CYP2J2 and cytochrome P450 reductase. The formation of the predominant AEA and 2-AG epoxides was confirmed using microsomes prepared from the left myocardium of porcine and bovine heart tissues. The nuances of the ligand-protein interactions were further characterized using spectral titrations, stopped-flow small-molecule ligand egress, and molecular modeling. The experimental and theoretical data were in agreement, which showed that substitution of the AA carboxylic acid with the 2-AG ester-glycerol changes the binding interaction of these lipids within the CYP2J2 active site, leading to different product distributions. In summary, we present data for the functional metabolomics of AEA and 2-AG by a membrane-bound cardiovascular epoxygenase.
SYNTHESIS OF FLUOROARACHIDONIC ACID AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
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Paragraph 0060, (2013/11/19)
There are provided, inter alia, methods for diagnosis of the extent of neuroinflammation in a subject. The methods include administering an 18F-labeled arachidonic acid to a subject in need thereof, obtaining a positron emission tomography (PET
ARACHIDONIC ACID ANALOGS AND METHODS FOR ANALGESIC TREATMENT USING SAME
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Page/Page column 6; 36; 49, (2011/06/23)
The present invention provides arachidonic acid (AA) analogs and compositions containing those analogs as active agents for use in analgesic treatments. Various methods of r manufacturing the inventive compounds are provided and pharmaceutical formulations, including injectable and oral dosages, are described. The analogs are additionally useful as antipyretic compositions and in related fever reducing treatments.
Stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids by human cytochromes P450
Lucas, Daniele,Goulitquer, Sophie,Marienhagen, Jan,Fer, Maude,Dreano, Yvonne,Schwaneberg, Ulrich,Amet, Yolande,Corcos, Laurent
experimental part, p. 1125 - 1133 (2010/09/16)
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) metabolize polyun-saturated long-chain fatty acids (PUFA-LC) to several classes of oxygenated metabolites. Through use of human recombinant CYPs, we recently showed that CYP1A1, -2C19, -2D6, -2E1, and -3A4 are mainly hydroxylases, whereas CYP1A2, -2C8, -2C9, and -2J2 are mainly epoxygenases of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. It is worth noting that the last double bond of these PUFAs, i.e., ω6 in AA or ω3 in EPA and DHA, respectively, was preferentially epoxidized. In this study, we have characterized the stereoselectivity of this epoxidation reaction by comparison with the PUFA-LC epoxide stereoisomers obtained from the enantioselective bacterial CYP102A1 F87V. The stereoselectivity of the epoxidation of the last olefi n of AA (ω6), EPA (ω3), or DHA (ω3) differed between the CYP isoforms but was similar for EPA and DHA. These data give additional insight into the PUFA-LC epoxide enantiomers generated by the hepatic CYPs. Copyright
