- Synthesis of macroscopic monolithic metal-organic gels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents
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The potential threat that has originated from chemical warfare agents (CWAs) has promoted the development of advanced materials to enhance the protection of civilian and military personnel. Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have recently been demonstrated as excellent catalysts for decomposing CWAs, but challenges of integrating the microcrystalline powders of Zr-MOFs into monoliths still remain. Herein, we report hierarchically porous monolithic UiO-66-X xerogels for the destruction of CWAs. We found that the UiO-66-NH2xerogel with a larger pore size and a higher surface area than the UiO-66-NH2powder possessed better degradability of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES), which is a sulfur mustard simulant. These UiO-66-X xerogels exhibit outstanding performance for decomposing CWAs. The half-lives of vesicant agent sulfur mustard (HD) and nerve agentO-ethylS-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX) are as short as 14.4 min and 1.5 min, respectively. This work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on macroscopic monolithic UiO-66-X xerogels for ultrafast decomposition of CWAs.
- Li, Heguo,Pan, Hongjie,Tao, Cheng-An,Wang, Lingyun,Yang, Guang,Zhang, Shouxin,Zhou, Chuan
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p. 22125 - 22130
(2021/07/02)
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- Magnesium Exchanged Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks with Improved Detoxification Properties of Nerve Agents
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UiO-66, MOF-808 and NU-1000 metal-organic frameworks exhibit a differentiated reactivity toward [Mg(OMe)2(MeOH)2]4 related to their pore accessibility. Microporous UiO-66 remains unchanged while mesoporous MOF-808 and hierarchical micro/mesoporous NU-1000 materials yield doped systems containing exposed MgZr5O2(OH)6 clusters in the mesoporous cavities. This modification is responsible for a remarkable enhancement of the catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic degradation of P-F and P-S bonds of toxic nerve agents, at room temperature, in unbuffered aqueous solutions.
- Gil-San-Millan, Rodrigo,López-Maya, Elena,Platero-Prats, Ana E.,Torres-Pérez, Virginia,Delgado, Pedro,Augustyniak, Adam W.,Kim, Min Kun,Lee, Hae Wan,Ryu, Sam Gon,Navarro, Jorge A. R.
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supporting information
p. 11801 - 11805
(2019/08/28)
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- Degradation of Paraoxon and the Chemical Warfare Agents VX, Tabun, and Soman by the Metal-Organic Frameworks UiO-66-NH2, MOF-808, NU-1000, and PCN-777
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In recent years, Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed that facilitate catalytic degradation of toxic organophosphate agents, such as chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Because of strict regulations, experiments using live agents are not possible for most laboratories and, as a result, simulants are used in the majority of cases. Reports that employ real CWAs are scarce and do not cover the whole spectrum of agents. We here present a comparative study in which UiO-66-NH2, NU-1000, MOF-808, and PCN-777 are evaluated for their effectiveness in the degradation of paraoxon and the chemical warfare agents tabun, VX, and soman, in N-ethylmorpholine buffer (pH 10) as well as in pure water. All MOFs showed excellent ability to degrade the agents under basic conditions. It was further disclosed that tabun is degraded by different mechanisms depending on the conditions. The presence of an amine, either as part of the MOF structure (UiO-66-NH2) or in the agent itself (VX, tabun), is the most important factor governing degradation rates in water. The results show that MOFs have great potential in future protective applications. Although the use of simulants provides valuable information for initial screening and selection of new MOFs, the use of live agents revealed additional mechanisms that should aid the future development of even better catalysts.
- De Koning, Martijn C.,Van Grol, Marco,Breijaert, Troy
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supporting information
p. 11804 - 11809
(2017/10/10)
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- Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents Using a Zr6-Based Metal–Organic Framework/Polymer Mixture
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Owing to their high surface area, periodic distribution of metal sites, and water stability, zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (Zr6-MOFs) have shown promising activity for the hydrolysis of nerve agents GD and VX, as well as the simulant
- Moon, Su-Young,Proussaloglou, Emmanuel,Peterson, Gregory W.,DeCoste, Jared B.,Hall, Morgan G.,Howarth, Ashlee J.,Hupp, Joseph T.,Farha, Omar K.
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p. 14864 - 14868
(2016/10/11)
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- BLOCK COPOLYMER COMPLEX COACERVATE CORE MICELLES FOR ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SOLVENT
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Disclosed are complex coacervate core micelles comprising an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing organophosphorous compounds, such as nerve agents, and, for example, their use in remediation or decontamination of stockpiles of chemical weapons.
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- VARIANTS OF PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE FOR THE HYDROLYSIS AND DETOXIFICATION OF NERVE AGENTS
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Variants of phosphotriesterase have been created that exhibit enhanced hydrolysis of V-type and G-type nerve agents over wild-type phosphotriesterase. V- and G-type nerve agents have an SP and RP enantiomer. The SP enantiomers are more toxic. V-type nerve
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Paragraph 0132; 0144; 0145; 0146; 0190
(2016/05/24)
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- Design, synthesis and evaluation of new α-nucleophiles for the hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents: Application to the reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase
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A series of new α-nucleophiles including oximes and amidoximes have been synthesized, and their ability to efficiently and selectively cleave the P-S bond of organophosphorus nerve agents has been evaluated. The relationship between the chemical structure
- Saint-Andre, Geraldine,Kliachyna, Maria,Kodepelly, Sanjeevarao,Louise-Leriche, Ludivine,Gillon, Emilie,Renard, Pierre-Yves,Nachon, Florian,Baati, Rachid,Wagner, Alain
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scheme or table
p. 6352 - 6361
(2011/09/19)
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- Synthesis and mass spectral characterization of diisopropylamino-ethanethiol, -sulfides and -disulfides and vinyl sulfides
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The sulfur containing chemical agent, O-ethyl-S-2-(diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX), is an extremely potent inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and exhibits extended neurological effects. It undergoes degradation on standing al
- Rohrbaugh,Berg,Szafraniec,Rossman,Durst,Munavalli
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- Autocatalytic hydrolysis of V-type nerve agents
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Both V-type nerve agents MeP(O)(OR)(SCH2CH2NR′2), VX (R = C2H5; R′ = i-C3H7) and its isomeric analog RVX (the "Russian V-agent", R = i-C4H9; R′ = C2H5), react slowly but completely with an equimolar amount of H2O via exclusive P-S cleavage to produce the corresponding phosphonic acid (MeP(O)(OR)OH) and 2-aminoethanethiol (HSCH2CH2NR′2). The reaction is believed to be initiated by nucleophilic attack of the deprotonated phosphonic acid on the protonated V-agent to produce a diphosphonate intermediate ((MeP(O)(OR))2O) that rapidly hydrolyzes to regenerate the phosphonic acid. The autocatalytic ionic chain reaction is thus continued in the nearly nonaqueous reaction medium. The viscous final product mixture remains reactive toward freshly added trace amounts of the V-agent, giving the same final reaction half-life of 13-15 h at 23 °C. When water is insufficient and depleted, the diphosphonate intermediate accumulates and reacts with the aminoethanethiol to regenerate the V-agent. This autocatalytic hydrolysis process is not observed with a simpler phosphonothioate analog (MeP(O)(OC2H5)(SC2H5)), which suggests that the attack of the phosphonic acid on the V-agent is intramolecularly assisted by the protonated amino group.
- Yang, Yu-Chu,Szafraniec, Linda L.,Beaudry, William T.,Rohrbaugh, Dennis K.,Procell, Lawrence R.,Samuel, John B.
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p. 8407 - 8413
(2007/10/03)
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- &β-(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl Arylthiosulfonates: New Simulants for O-Ethyl S- Methylphosphonothioate
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β-(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates 2, new simulants for the hydrolysis and oxidation chemistry of VX (1), are prepared in good yield by reaction of a potassium arylthiosulfonate with a 2-chloroethylamine.Alkaline hydrolysis of 2 results in cleavage of the S-S-bond to give sulfinic acids and disulfides.Like VX, oxidation of 2 by N-sulfonyloxaziridine 12 occurs exclusively on nitrogen to give the corresponding amine oxide which subsequently undergoes a Cope elimination reaction affording the vinyl sulfide 14.
- Davis, Franklin A.,Ray, Jayanta K.,Kasperowicz, Steve,Przeslawski, Robert M.,Durst, H. Dupont
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p. 2594 - 2599
(2007/10/02)
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