- NF3 synthesis using ClF3 as a mediator
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Synthesis of NF3 using NH4F/nHF and F2 with ClF3, NF2Cl, and NFCl2 intermediates was conducted by sequential reaction testing for more than 100 h. Results demonstrated that NF3 can be synthesized with yield of more than 90% - fluorine molecule base. The ClF3 produced as a by-product can be recycled for reaction with NH4F/nHF. Improving the yield necessitates ClF3 recovery rate improvement, but characteristics of using ClF + F2 = ClF3 as an equilibrium reaction can be overcome with a two-step reaction. NH4F/nHF can be recycled continuously by controlling the n value in NH4F/nHF through NH3 addition and HF extraction. Using ClF3 as a mediator and NH3 and F2 as raw materials, NF3 synthesis was achieved at atmospheric pressure.
- Miyazaki, Tatsuo,Mori, Isamu,Umezaki, Tomonori,Yonezawa, Susumu
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- Performances of metal fluoride added carbon anodes with pre-electrolysis for electrolytic synthesis of NF3
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Metal fluoride added carbon anodes treated by pre-electrolysis were investigated for electrolytic production of nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3) in molten NH4F·KF·4HF at 100 °C. The conditions for pre-electrolysis were first optimized using a graphite sheet anode as a model anode. The formation of fluorine-graphite intercalation compounds (fluorine-GICs) with semi-covalent C-F bonds, (CxF) n, on the MgF2 and CaF2 added carbon anode surface was accelerated by pre-electrolysis at potentials less than 4.0 V. Critical current densities (CCD) on the MgF2 added carbon anodes pre-electrolyzed under various conditions were determined, and the highest CCD was 290 mA cm-2 obtained for that pre-electrolyzed at 3.5 V for 500 C cm-2. This anode was successfully used in the electrolysis at 100 mA cm-2 for 290 h and the maximum NF3 current efficiency was 55%. From these results, it was concluded that the metal fluoride added carbon anode treated by pre-electrolysis has a high potential for electrolytic production of NF3 at higher current density.
- Isogai, Tomohiro,Hirooka, Kazuhiro,Tojo, Tetsuro,Takebayashi, Hitoshi,Saito, Morihiro,Inaba, Minoru,Tasaka, Akimasa
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- Preparation of a nickel-nickel oxide composite by hot isostatic pressing and its application for anodes used in electrolytic production of nitrogen trifluoride
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The nickel-nickel oxide [Ni-NiO1+x (0 a mixture of Ni and LiNiO2 or NiO powders at 900°C under 2000 atm for 2 h by hot isostatic pressing were employed as the anode for electrolytic production of NF3. In electrolysis of a molten NH4F·2HF with and without LiF at 100°C and at 25 mA/cm2, the anode gas generated at the Ni-NiO1+x composite anode was composed of N2, O2, NF3, N2F2, N2F4, and N2O, and its composition was composition was almost the same as that at the Ni sheet anode. The current efficiency for NF3 formation on the Ni-NiO composite anode from mixture of NiO and Ni powders was high compared with that on the Ni-NiO1+x composite anode from the mixture of LiNiO2 and Ni powders. The best current efficiency for NF3 formation was ca. 53% on the Ni 5 mol% NiO composite anode, and it was almost the same as that of the Ni sheet anode. The addition of LiF in a molten NH4F·2HF increased it, presumably because of deposition of Li2NiF6 on the anode. On the other hand, the anode consumption of the Ni-NiO composite was much smaller compared with that of the Ni sheet electrode. Also, the oxygen content in the oxidized layer formed on the Ni-NiO composite anode was high compared with that on the Ni sheet anode. The scanning electron microscope observation revealed that the surface of the Ni-NiO composite anode was covered with the compact film having some defects. From these results, it is concluded that the Ni-NiO composite anode is favorable for electrolytic production of NF3, and that the oxidized layer on the anode has a high resistance to corrosion, because of the compact film containing a higher content of oxygen formed on the anode.
- Tasaka, Akimasa,Suzuki, Yasuhiro,Oshida, Atsushi,Mimoto, Atsuhisa,Hieda, Taro,Tachikawa, Toshiyasu,Takao, Kazuchika,Takemura, Hideaki,Yamaguchi, Osamu
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- Electrolytic production of NF3 with a LiNiO2 coated nickel sheet anode prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying technique
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A nickel sheet coated with LiNiO2 powder having average particle sizes of 40 and 50 μm in diameter by atmospheric plasma spraying technique was employed as the anode for electrolytic production of NF3. In electrolysis of a molten NH4F·2HF at 100°C and 25 mA cm-2, the anode gas generated at the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode was composed of N2, O2, NF3, N2F2, N2F4, and N2O, and its composition was almost the same as that at the Ni sheet anode. The current efficiency for the NF3 formation on the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode was increased to reach the constant value of ca. 55% during electrolysis for 100 h, and it was almost the same as that on the Ni sheet anode. The anode consumption of the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet was small compared with that of the Ni sheet. Also, the oxygen content in the oxidized layer formed on the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode was high compared with that on the Ni sheet anode, and the surface of the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode was covered with a compact and adhesive film having some defects. Although the bottom of the hollow was covered with a thinner layer, no pore penetrated through the oxidized layer. Hence, the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode is favorable for the electrolytic production of NF3, and the oxidized layer on the LiNiO2 coated Ni sheet anode has the higher resistance to corrosion, because of the compact and adhesive film containing the higher content of oxygen formed on the anode.
- Tasaka,Suzuki,Sakaguchi,Fukuda,Tojo
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Read Online
- Process for fluorinating inorganic or organic compounds by direct fluorination
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The invention relates to the use of a fluorinated gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F2) is present at a high concentration, the present invention relates to a process for producing fluorinated compounds by direct fluorination using a fluorination gas in which elemental fluorine (F2) is present at a high concentration, such as a concentration of elemental fluorine (F2), in particular equal to much higher than 15 vol% or even 20 vol% (i.e., at least 15 vol% or even 20 vol%), and to a process for producing fluorinated compounds by direct fluorination using a fluorination gas. The process of the present invention relates to the manufacture of fluorinated compounds other than fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination, in particular to the preparation of fluorinated organic compounds, end products and intermediates for use in agricultural, pharmaceutical, electronic, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention can be carried outin batches or in a continuous manner. If the process of the invention is carried out in batches, a column (tower) reactor may be used. If the process of the invention is continuous, a microreactor may be used.
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Paragraph 00273-00274; 0307-0312
(2020/07/14)
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- Dinitrogen difluoride chemistry. Improved syntheses of cis- and trans-N2F2, Synthesis and characterization of N 2F+Sn2F9-, ordered crystal structure of N2F+Sb2F11 -, High-level electronic structure calculations of cis-N 2F2
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N2F+ salts are important precursors in the synthesis of N5+ compounds, and better methods are reported for their larger scale production. A new, marginally stable N2F + salt, N2F+Sn2F9 -, was prepared and characterized. An ordered crystal structure was obtained for N2F+Sb2F11-, resulting in the first observation of individual N - N and N-F bond distances for N2F+ in the solid phase. The observed N - N and N-F bond distances of 1.089(9) and 1.257(8) A, respectively, are among the shortest experimentally observed N-N and N-F bonds. High-level electronic structure calculations at the CCSD(T) level with correlation-consistent basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis limit show that cis-N2F 2 is more stable than trans-N2F2 by 1.4 kcal/mol at 298 K. The calculations also demonstrate that the lowest uncatalyzed pathway for the trans-cis isomerization of N2F2 has a barrier of 60 kcal/mol and involves rotation about the N - N double bond. This barrier is substantially higher than the energy required for the dissociation of N2F2 to N2 and 2 F. Therefore, some of the N2F2 dissociates before undergoing an uncatalyzed isomerization, with some of the dissociation products probably catalyzing the isomerization. Furthermore, it is shown that the trans-cis isomerization of N2F2 is catalyzed by strong Lewis acids, involves a planar transition state of symmetry Cs, and yields a 9:1 equilibrium mixture of cis-N2F2 and trans-N2F2. Explanations are given for the increased reactivity of cis-N2F 2 with Lewis acids and the exclusive formation of cis-N 2F2 in the reaction of N2F+ with F-. The geometry and vibrational frequencies of the F2N - N isomer have also been calculated and imply strong contributions from ionic N2F+ F- resonance structures, similar to those in F3NO and FNO.
- Christe, Karl O.,Dixon, David A.,Grant, Daniel J.,Haiges, Ralf,Tham, Fook S.,Vij, Ashwani,Vij, Vandana,Wang, Tsang-Hsiu,Wilson, William W.
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p. 6823 - 6833
(2010/09/06)
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- On the reactivity of F3S≡NXeF+: Syntheses and structural characterizations of [F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF 3][AsF6], a rare example of a N-Xe-N Linkage, and [F 3S(N≡SF3)2][AsF6]
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The F4S=N-Xe-N≡SF3+ cation has been synthesized as the AsF6- salt by rearrangement of [F 3S≡NXeF]-[AsF6] in N≡SF3 solvent at 0 °C. Deep yellow [F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF3][AsF 6], which crystallized from a N≡SF3 solution at -10 °C, was characterized by Raman spectroscopy (-160 °C) and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (-173 °C). The Xe-N bond length (2.079(3) a) of the F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF3+ cation is among the shortest Xe-N bonds presently known. The F4S=NXe + cation interacts with N≡SF3 by means of a Xe - N donor-acceptor bond (2.583(3) a) that is significantly longer than the primary Xe-N bond (2.079(3)a) but significantly shorter than the sum of the Xe and N van der Waals radii (3.71 a). The F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF3+ cation undergoes a redox decomposition in N≡SF3 at 0 °C, forming [F3S(N≡SF 3)2][AsF6], cis-N2F2, and Xe, which were characterized by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy in the solid state and by 19F NMR spectroscopy in N≡SF3 solvent (0 °C). Colorless [F3S(N≡SF3) 2][AsF6] crystallized from N≡SF3 at -10 °C and was characterized by low-temperature, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The S(IV) atom of F3S(N≡SF3) 2 + has long contacts with the N atoms of two N≡SF3 molecules and a F ligand of a neighboring AsF 6- anion. The arrangement of long contacts avoids, to the maximum extent, the F atoms of SF3+ and the nonbonding electron pair situated on the pseudo-3-fold axis opposite the F ligands of SF3+, providing distorted octahedral coordination about the S(IV) atom. Quantum-chemical calculations using MP2, B3LYP, and PBE1PBE methods were employed to arrive at the gas-phase geometries, charges, bond orders, valencies, and vibrational frequencies for F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF3+ and F3S(N≡SF 3)2+ to aid in the assignments of experimental vibrational frequencies. The F4S=N-Xe - N≡SF3 + cation expands the known chemistry of the F4S=N- group and is the first example of a N-Xe-N linkage to be structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
- Smith, Gregory L.,Schrobilgen, Gary J.
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p. 7714 - 7728
(2011/02/27)
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- Development and implementation of industrial technologies for synthesis of fluorine compound with the application of elemental fluorine
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A survey is given on the application of elemental fluorine in chemical plants and research centers of Russian Federation.
- Pashkevich,Barabanov,Maksimov
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p. 1142 - 1148
(2009/12/01)
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- Industrial fluorine compounds
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Technological research in the area of the industrial fluorine-containing compounds: ozone safe fluorocarbons (freons), fluoro-olefins, compounds with the functional groups, thermoresistant liquids, oils, lubricants, fluorine surfactants and other.
- Barabanov,Maksimov
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p. 1133 - 1141
(2009/12/01)
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- Synthesis and characterization of (Z)-[N3NFO]+ and (E)-[N3NFO]+
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(Figure Presented) A new stable polynitrogen ion: The second known example of a stable nitrogen fluoride oxide ion, [N3NFO]+, was prepared as its [SbF6]- salt and characterized by multinuclear NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and electronic-structure calculations. The cation is planar and exists as two stereoisomers (see picture; N blue, O red, F dark blue).
- Wilson, William W.,Haiges, Ralf,Boatz, Jerry A.,Christe, Karl O.
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p. 3023 - 3027
(2008/03/11)
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- High-energy-density materials: Synthesis and characterization of N 5+[P(N3)6]-, N5+[B(N3)4]-, N5+[HF2]-·n HF, N5+[BF4]-, N5+[PF6]-, and N5+[SO3F]-
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23 nitrogens and only one phosphorus: The N5+ ion is combined with energetic anions in the form of N5+[P(N 3)6]- and N5+[B(N 3)4]- (see scheme), containing 91 and 96 wt%, respectively, of nitrogen. Also, the thermally unstable compound N 5HF2·n HF is prepared by metathesis from N 5SbF6 and CsHF2. Its usefulness as a reagent for the synthesis of new N5+ salts is demonstrated with the preparation of N5PF6, N5BF4, and N5SO3F.
- Haiges, Ralf,Schneider, Stefan,Schroer, Thorsten,Christe, Karl O.
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p. 4919 - 4924
(2007/10/03)
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- Preparation of tellurium-nitrogen containing moieties in ionic chainmolecules, heterocycles, as well as (CF3Se)2Te, (CF3S)2Se, and (CH3)2Te(X)Y (X = Y = NCO, NSO; X = Cl, Y = NSO)
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The reaction between Cl2Te(NSO)2, Cl6Te2N2S and Cl2Te(N=S=N)2TeCl2 with MCl3 provided the compounds [(Cl2Te)2N+][MCl4
- Dworak, Jürgen,Haas, Alois,Hoppmann, Eike,Olteanu, Alexandra,Merz, Klaus,Sch?fers, Mike
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p. 2639 - 2646
(2008/10/08)
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- The Fluoro(hydrocyano)krypton(II) Cation +; the First Example of a Krypton-Nitrogen Bond
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The first example of krypton bonded to an element other than fluorine has been provided by the synthesis of the novel + cation, prepared as its AsF6- salt by low-temperature reaction of HCNH+ AsF6- with KrF2 in HF or BrF5 as solvent, and characterized by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy and 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F n.m.r. spectroscopy.
- Schrobilgen, Gary J.
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p. 863 - 865
(2007/10/02)
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- On the existence of pentacoordinated nitrogen
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The thermal decomposition of NF4HF2 was studied by using 18F-labeled HF2-. The observed distribution of 18F among the decomposition products indicates that within experimental error the attack of HF2- on NF4+ occurs exclusively on fluorine and not on nitrogen, contrary to the predictions based on bond polarities. These results confirm the previous suggestion that the lack of pentacoordinated nitrogen species is due mainly to steric reasons.
- Christe, Karl O.,Wilson, William W.,Schrobilgen, Gary J.,Chirakal, Raman V.,Olah, George A.
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p. 789 - 790
(2008/10/08)
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- Lewis acid induced intramolecular redox reactions of difluoramino compounds
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It is shown that strong Lewis acids, such as AsF5 or SbF5, which are good fluoride ion acceptors, strongly catalyze an intramolecular redox reaction of difluoramino compounds, such as CF3NF2, SF5NF2, ClNF2, CF3ONF2, and SF5ONF2. In the ClNF2-AsF5 system a thermally unstable intermediate is formed at -78°C, which on the basis of its Raman spectra is the fluorine-bridged donor-acceptor adduct ClNF2-AsF5. The nature of the final decomposition products can be rationalized in terms of their stability. In connection with the low-temperature Raman studies, an unidentified, unstable, blue-green species was observed that gives rise to a resonance Raman spectrum with v = 177 cm-1 and that is also formed from Cl3+AsF6- and excess Cl2. For NF2Cl, 14N-19F spin-spin coupling was observed in its 19F NMR spectrum.
- Christe, Karl O.,Wilson, William W.,Schack, Carl J.,Wilson, Richard D.
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p. 303 - 307
(2008/10/08)
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- Coordinatively saturated fluoro cations. Oxidative fluorination reactions with KrF+ salts and PtF6
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The usefulness of KrF+ salts and PtF6 as oxidative fluorinators for the syntheses of the coordinatively saturated complex fluoro cations NF4+, ClF6+, and BrF6+ was studied. The syntheses of NF4SbF6, NF4AsF6, NF4BF4, and NF4TiF5·nTiF4 from KrF2-Lewis acid adducts and NF3 were investigated under different reaction conditions. The fluorination of NF3 by KrF+SbF6- in HF solution was found to proceed quantitatively at temperatures as low as -31°C, indicating an ionic two-electron oxidation mechanism. An improved synthesis of KrF+MF6- (M = As, Sb), Raman data and solubilities in HF, and the existence of a Kr2F3+·nKrF2BF 4- adduct in HF at -40°C are reported. Attempts to fluorinate OF2, CF3NF2, and ClF4O- with KrF+ salts were unsuccessful. Whereas KrF+ is capable of oxidizing NF3, ClF5, and BrF5 to the corresponding complex fluoro cations, PtF6 was shown to be capable of oxidizing only NF3 and ClF5. Since the yield and purity of the NF4+ fluoroplatinate salts obtained in this manner were low, NF4PtF6 was also prepared from NF3, F2, and PtF6 at elevated temperature and pressure. General aspects of the formation mechanisms of coordinatively saturated complex fluoro cations are discussed briefly.
- Christe, Karl O.,Wilson, William W.,Wilson, Richard D.
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p. 2058 - 2063
(2008/10/08)
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- Syntheses and properties of FOIF4O, ClOIF4O, HOIF4O, and tetrafluoroperiodates
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Mixtures of cis- and trans-CsIF4O2 were prepared by the interaction of CsIO4 with either anhydrous HF, BrF5, ClF3, ClF5, or F2. The vibrational spectra of these mixtures were recorded, and partial assignments are given for cis- and trans-IF4O2-. The assignments for trans-IF4O2- were supported by a normal-coordinate analysis. The CsIF4O2 salt dissolves in CH3CN with the formation of IF4O2- anions but undergoes solvolysis in anhydrous HF with formation of HOIF4O. An improved synthesis of HOIF4O from CsIF4O2 and BiF5 in anhydrous HF is reported, and its Raman and 19F NMR spectra were recorded. The interaction of CsIF4O2 with NF4SbF6 in anhydrous HF results in solutions containing NF4+, HF2-, and HOIF4O. When standing or when pumped to dryness, these mixtures decompose to yield NF3 and the new compound FOIF4O in high yield. The latter compound, the first known example of an iodine hypofluorite, was thoroughly characterized and shown by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy to be a mixture of the cis and trans isomers. For comparison, the vibrational spectra of IF5O have also been recorded. The reaction of CsIF4O2 with ClOSO2F was shown to yield the novel compound ClOIF4O. The fluorination reactions of CsIO4, CsIF4O2, IF5O, and HOIF4O with elementary fluorine were also studied.
- Christe, Karl O.,Wilson, Richard D.,Schack, Carl J.
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p. 2104 - 2114
(2008/10/08)
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- (F-tetramethylene)sulfimide and (F-tetramethylene)sulfoxyimide. Some N-alkyl, N-(F-alkyl), and N-halo derivatives
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A new F-cyclic sulfimide, (F-tetramethylene)sulfimide, CF2CF2CF2CF2S=NH, was formed when (F-tetramethylene)sulfur difluoride, CF2CF2CF2CF2SF2, and LiNH
- Abe, Takashi,Shreeve, Jean'ne M.
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p. 2894 - 2899
(2008/10/08)
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- Synthesis and properties of NF4+ClO4- and NF4+HF2-·nHF and some reaction chemistry of NF4+ salts
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The possibility of synthesizing NF4+XO4- (X = Cl, Br, I) salts by metathesis between NF4SbF6 and CsXO4 in anhydrous HF solution at -78°C was studied. Of these NF4XO4 salts, NF4ClO4 was isolated and characterized by vibrational and 19F NMR spectroscopy. It is an unstable white solid decomposing at 25°C to give NF3 and FOClO3 in high yield. The NF4BrO4 salt is of marginal stability in HF solution and decomposes to NF3, O2, and FBrO2. Attempts to isolate NF4BrO4 as a solid resulted in explosions. The NF4IO4 salt could not be prepared due to the facile fluorination of IO4- to IF4O2- by either HF or BrF5. Attempts to prepare NF4+XF4O- (X = Cl, Br) salts by metathesis between NF4SbF6 and CsXF4O in BrF5 solution at 25°C were unsuccessful; with BrF4O-, fluoride abstraction occurred, resulting in the formation of NF3, F2, and BrF3O, whereas CsClF4O underwent a displacement reaction with BrF5 to give CsBrF6 and ClF3O. The metathetical synthesis of NF4NO3 could not be studied in HF due to the reaction of NO3- with HF to give NO2+, H2O, and HF2-. The metathesis between NF4SbF6 and CsF in HF at -78°C did not produce NF4+F- but produced an unstable white solid of the composition NF4+HF2-·nHF. The composition, thermal stability, spectroscopic properties, and decomposition products of this solid were studied. The NF4+HF2- salt is stable in HF solution at 25°C, and the synthetic usefulness of these solutions for the synthesis of other NF4+ salts is briefly discussed. Attempts to prepare NCl4+ and NCl2O+ salts by F-Cl exchange between BCl3 and NF4+ and NF2O+ were unsuccessful.
- Christe, Karl O.,Wilson, William W.,Wilson, Richard D.
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p. 1494 - 1498
(2008/10/08)
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- Some chemistry of difluoraminocarbonyl chloride. A new route to perfluorourea
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Improved yields of NF2C(O)Cl are obtained by short-term (4-6 hr) photolysis of N2F4 with oxalyl chloride. Reactions of NF2C(O)Cl with AgCN, AgNCS, AgNCO, Hg(SCF3)2 and Hg(ON(CF3)2)2 give the new difluoraminocarbonyl pseudohalides NF2C(O)CN, NF2C(O)NCS, NF2C(O)NCO, NF2C(O)SCF3, and NF2C(O)ON(CF3)2. With excess of either Ag2O at 0° or HgO at -78°, NF2C(O)Cl is converted to (NF2)2CO and CO2 in nearly quantitative yield. Chlorocarbonyl fluorosulfate results when NF2C(O)Cl is mixed with S2O6F2 or BrOSO2F.
- Wright, Kenneth J.,Shreeve, Jean'ne M.
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- Preparation and properties of perfluoroammonium tetrafluoroborate, NF4+BF4-, and possible synthesis of nitrogen pentafluoride
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A new crystalline compound, NF4+BF4-, has been prepared by exposing the heterogeneous ternary system NF3-BF3-F2 to 3-MeV bremsstrahlung at 77°K. The G value for the reaction (molecules isolated per 100 eV absorbed) is about unity. The compound is stable at room temperature in dry air; it decomposes above 250° to the reactants. It reacts rapidly with moisture and with organic substances. The indicated ionic structure is confirmed by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray powder pattern can be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell with a = 7.01 and c = 5.22 A?. Irradiation of mixtures of nitrogen trifluoride and excess fluorine at 77°K has led to isolation in low yields of a white solid. It decomposes below 143°K to liberate nitrogen trifluoride and reacts with boron trifluoride at low temperature to form NF4BF4. Its most likely identity is perfluoroammonium fluoride.
- Goetschel,Campanile,Curtis,Loos,Wagner,Wilson
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p. 1696 - 1701
(2008/10/08)
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- Some chemistry of difluoraminocarbonyl fluoride, NF2CFO. The preparation of perfluorourea, (NF2)2CO, and difluoraminocarbonyl chloride, NF2C(O)Cl. New preparations for NF2OCF3 and NF2<
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Reactions of NF2CFO with CF3OF or with Al2Cl6 and HCl yield NF2OCF3 or NF2C(O)Cl, respectively. The reactions of NF2CFO with KF and CsF to give KOCF2NF
- Fraser, George W.,Shreeve, Jean'ne M.
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p. 1711 - 1715
(2008/10/08)
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- Pentafluorosulfur and trifluoromethyl oxydifluoramines. Preparations and properties
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Tetrafluorohydrazine reacts with pentafluorosulfur hypofluorite and trifluoromethyl hypofluorite to form SOF4, SF6, FNO, NF3, and SF5ONF2 and COF2, CF4, FNO, NF3, and
- Hale Jr., William H.,Williamson, Stanley M.
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p. 1342 - 1346
(2008/10/08)
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