- A study of the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of L-tryptophan by diperiodatonickelate(IV) in aqueous alkaline medium
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The kinetics of oxidation of L-tryptophan by diperiodatonickelate(IV) (DPN) in an aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.30 mol dm -3 was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction was first order in diperiodatonickelate(IV) and less than first order in tryptophan and the OH- ion. The addition of periodate had no effect on the reaction, and nickel(II) produced did not influence the reaction rate significantly. An increase in ionic strength and decrease in medium permittivity did not affect the reaction rate. A mechanism involving the formation of a complex between L-tryptophan and reactive DPN species was proposed. The constants characterizing the mechanism were evaluated. The activation parameters for the slow reaction step were computed and discussed.
- Chimatadar,Basavaraj,Nandibewoor
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Read Online
- INDOLE DERIVATIVES. 127. INVESTIGATION OF THE ALKYLATION OF INDOLE BY POLYESTERS
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The alkylation of indole by polyesters of ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids was studied.The optimum conditions and ratios of the reacting substances were found, and a number of ω-(3-inolyl)alkanoic acids were obtained.
- Eryshev, B. Ya.,Smushkevich, Yu. I.,Suvorov, N. N.
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Read Online
- HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND, APPLICATION THEREOF, AND COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME
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A heterocyclic compound represented by formula XI, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a solvate, or a solvate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, use thereof, and a composition containing the same. The compound is novel in structure and has good STAT5 inhibitory activity.
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- Discovery, synthesis and biological characterization of a series of: N -(1-(1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl)-3-methyl-1 H -pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide ethers as novel GIRK1/2 potassium channel activators
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The present study describes the discovery and characterization of a series of N-(1-(1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide ethers as G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel activators. From our previous lead optimization efforts, we have identified a new ether-based scaffold and paired this with a novel sulfone-based head group to identify a potent and selective GIRK1/2 activator. In addition, we evaluated the compounds in tier 1 DMPK assays and have identified compounds that display nanomolar potency as GIRK1/2 activators with improved metabolic stability over the prototypical urea-based compounds. This journal is
- Alnouti, Yazen,Aretz, Christopher D.,Chhonker, Yashpal S.,Dhuria, Nikilesh V.,Du, Yu,Gautam, Nagsen,Hopkins, Corey R.,Kumar, Sushil,Lesiak, Lauren,Sharma, Swagat,Weaver, C. David
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supporting information
p. 1366 - 1373
(2021/09/28)
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- Oxidation of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids via Hydrogen Atom Transfer
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The oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids is a fundamental reaction in organic synthesis. In this paper, we report a new chemoselective process for the oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes. This metal-free reaction features a new oxidant, an easy to handle procedure, high isolated yields, and good to excellent functional group tolerance even in the presence of vulnerable secondary alcohols and tert-butanesulfinamides.
- Tan, Wen-Yun,Lu, Yi,Zhao, Jing-Feng,Chen, Wen,Zhang, Hongbin
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supporting information
p. 6648 - 6653
(2021/09/08)
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- A new CDK2 inhibitor with 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-one scaffold endowed with anti-breast cancer activity: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico insights
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Background: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate mammalian cell cycle progression and RNA transcription. Based on the structural analysis of previously reported CDK2 inhibitors, a new compound with 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-one scaffold (HI 5) was well designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated as a promising anti-breast cancer hit compound. Methods: The potential anti-cancerous effect of HI 5 was evaluated using cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle distribution, ELISA immunoassay, in vitro CDK2/cyclin A2 activity, and molecular operating environment (MOE) virtual docking studies. Results: The results revealed that HI 5 exhibits pronounced CDK2 inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. The cytotoxicity of HI 5 was found to be intrinsically mediated apoptosis, which in turn, is associated with low Bcl-2 expression and high activation of caspase 3 and p53. Besides, HI 5 blocked the proliferation of the MCF-7 cell line and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. The docking studies did not confirm which one of geometric isomers (syn and anti) is responsible for binding affinity and intrinsic activity of HI 5. However, the molecular dynamic studies have confirmed that the syn-isomer has more favorable binding interaction and thus is responsible for CDK2 inhibitory activity. Discussion: These findings displayed a substantial basis of synthesizing further derivatives based on the 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-one scaffold for favorable targeting of breast cancer.
- Al-Sanea, Mohammad M.,Obaidullah, Ahmad J.,Shaker, Mohamed E.,Chilingaryan, Garri,Alanazi, Mohammed M.,Alsaif, Nawaf A.,Alkahtani, Hamad M.,Alsubaie, Sultan A.,Abdelgawad, Mohamed A.
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- Expanding the repertoire of nitrilases with broad substrate specificity and high substrate tolerance for biocatalytic applications
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Enzymatic conversion of nitriles to carboxylic acids by nitrilases has gained significance in the green synthesis of several pharmaceutical precursors and fine chemicals. Although nitrilases from several sources have been characterized, there exists a scope for identifying broad spectrum nitrilases exhibiting higher substrate tolerance and better thermostability to develop industrially relevant biocatalytic processes. Through genome mining, we have identified nine novel nitrilase sequences from bacteria and evaluated their activity on a broad spectrum of 23 industrially relevant nitrile substrates. Nitrilases from Zobellia galactanivorans, Achromobacter insolitus and Cupriavidus necator were highly active on varying classes of nitriles and applied as whole cell biocatalysts in lab scale processes. Z. galactanivorans nitrilase could convert 4-cyanopyridine to achieve yields of 1.79 M isonicotinic acid within 3 h via fed-batch substrate addition. The nitrilase from A. insolitus could hydrolyze 630 mM iminodiacetonitrile at a fast rate, effecting 86 % conversion to iminodiacetic acid within 1 h. The arylaliphatic nitrilase from C. necator catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis of 740 mM mandelonitrile to (R)-mandelic acid in 4 h. Significantly high product yields suggest that these enzymes would be promising additions to the suite of nitrilases for upscale biocatalytic application.
- Rayavarapu, Pratima,Shah, Shikha,Sunder, Avinash Vellore,Wangikar, Pramod P.
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p. 289 - 296
(2020/05/18)
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- Asymmetric Dearomatizing Fluoroamidation of Indole Derivatives with Dianionic Phase-Transfer Catalyst
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Asymmetric dearomatizing fluorocyclization of indole derivatives was investigated using a dicarboxylate phase-transfer catalyst. This reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions to provide fluoropyrroloindoline derivatives in a highly enantioselective manner. Various substitution patterns on the indole ring are well tolerated. To facilitate the reaction and ensure reproducibility, the addition of water is essential, and its possible role is discussed.
- Egami, Hiromichi,Hotta, Ryo,Otsubo, Minami,Rouno, Taiki,Niwa, Tomoki,Yamashita, Kenji,Hamashima, Yoshitaka
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supporting information
p. 5656 - 5660
(2020/07/14)
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- The plant pathogen enzyme AldC is a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase
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Aldehyde dehydrogenases are versatile enzymes that serve a range of biochemical functions. Although traditionally considered metabolic housekeeping enzymes because of their ability to detoxify reactive aldehydes, like those generated from lipid peroxidation damage, the contributions of these enzymes to other biological processes are widespread. For example, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 uses an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to synthesize the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid to elude host responses. Here we investigate the biochemical function of AldC from PtoDC3000. Analysis of the substrate profile of AldC suggests that this enzyme functions as a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase. The 2.5 ? resolution X-ray crystal of the AldC C291A mutant in a dead-end complex with octanal and NAD1 reveals an apolar binding site primed for aliphatic aldehyde substrate recognition. Functional characterization of site-directed mutants targeting the substrate- and NAD(H)-binding sites identifies key residues in the active site for ligand interactions, including those in the “aromatic box” that define the aldehyde-binding site. Overall, this study provides molecular insight for understanding the evolution of the prokaryotic aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and their diversity of function.
- Lee, Soon Goo,Harline, Kate,Abar, Orchid,Akadri, Sakirat O.,Bastian, Alexander G.,Chen, Hui-Yuan S.,Duan, Michael,Focht, Caroline M.,Groziak, Amanda R.,Kao, Jesse,Kottapalli, Jagdeesh S.,Leong, Matthew C.,Lin, Joy J.,Liu, Regina,Luo, Joanna E.,Meyer, Christine M.,Mo, Albert F.,Pahng, Seong Ho,Penna, Vinay,Raciti, Chris D.,Srinath, Abhinav,Sudhakar, Shwetha,Tang, Joseph D.,Cox, Brian R.,Holland, Cynthia K.,Cascella, Barrie,Cruz, Wilhelm,McClerkin, Sheri A.,Kunkel, Barbara N.,Jez, Joseph M.
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p. 13914 - 13926
(2020/12/09)
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- Marine-inspired bis-indoles possessing antiproliferative activity against breast cancer; design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
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Diverse indoles and bis-indoles extracted from marine sources have been identified as promising anticancer leads. Herein, we designed and synthesized novel bis-indole series 7a-f and 9a-h as Topsentin and Nortopsentin analogs. Our design is based on replacing the heterocyclic spacer in the natural leads by a more flexible hydrazide linker while sparing the two peripheral indole rings. All the synthesized bis-indoles were examined for their antiproliferative action against human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines. The most potent congeners 7e and 9a against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.01 and 1.28 ± 0.04 μM, respectively) induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells (23.7-, and 16.8-fold increase in the total apoptosis percentage) as evident by the externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. This evidence was supported by the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio augmentation (18.65- and 11.1-fold compared to control) with a concomitant increase in the level of caspase-3 (11.7- and 9.5-fold) and p53 (15.4- and 11.75-fold). Both compounds arrested the cell cycle mainly in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, 7e and 9a displayed good selectivity toward tumor cells (S.I. = 38.7 and 18.3), upon testing of their cytotoxicity toward non-tumorigenic breast MCF-10A cells. Finally, compounds 7a, 7b, 7d, 7e, and 9a were examined for their plausible CDK2 inhibitory action. The obtained results (% inhibition range: 16%-58%) unveiled incompetence of the target bis-indoles to inhibit CDK2 significantly. Collectively, these results suggested that herein reported bis-indoles are good lead compounds for further optimization and development as potential efficient anti-breast cancer drugs.
- Eldehna, Wagdy M.,Hassan, Ghada S.,Al-Rashood, Sara T.,Alkahtani, Hamad M.,Almehizia, Abdulrahman A.,Al-Ansary, Ghada H.
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- Catalytic Oxidative Deamination by Water with H2Liberation
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Selective oxidative deamination has long been considered to be an important but challenging transformation, although it is a common critical process in the metabolism of bioactive amino compounds. Most of the synthetic methods developed so far rely on the use of stoichiometric amounts of strong and toxic oxidants. Here we present a green and efficient method for oxidative deamination, using water as the oxidant, catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex. This unprecedented reaction protocol liberates hydrogen gas and avoids the use of sacrificial oxidants. A wide variety of primary amines are selectively transformed to carboxylates or ketones in good to high yields. It is noteworthy that mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations indicate that in addition to serving as the oxidant, water also plays an important role in assisting the hydrogen liberation steps involved in amine dehydrogenation.
- Tang, Shan,Rauch, Michael,Montag, Michael,Diskin-Posner, Yael,Ben-David, Yehoshoa,Milstein, David
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supporting information
p. 20875 - 20882
(2020/12/23)
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- Indolylglycines Backbones in the Synthesis of Enantiopure 3,3-Spiroindolenines, Indolyl Tetracyclic Hemiaminals, and 3-Indolyl-maleimides Frameworks
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This paper describes the synthesis of novel N-substituted 3-indolylglycines (3IGs), in high yields and optical purity via three-component Mannich reaction (3CR) of indole and free glyoxylic acid in the presence of primary and secondary aliphatic amines. By using this efficient approach, a series of racemic 3-indolylglycines (3IGs) as well as the optically pure (S)-3-indolylglycine ((S)-3IG) in multigram synthesis using (R-1-phenylethylamine ((R)-α-PEA) as chiral pool were synthetized. In parallel investigations, 3IGs were used as the starting material for the highly stereoselective synthesis of spiroindolenines bearing three controlled contiguous stereogenic centers. Despite our expectations, the N-chloroacetyl esters of 3IGs did not provide the expected spiroindolenine derivatives but led us to the discovery of a new methodology for the preparation of 3-indolylmaleimides (3IMs); compounds known for their broad range of important biological and fluorescence activities.
- Markus, Jozef,Ferko, Branislav,Berke?, Du?an,Moncol, Ján,Lawson, Ata Martin,Othman, Mohamed,Da?ch, Adam
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p. 5662 - 5677
(2019/08/08)
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- Bimane: A Visible Light Induced Fluorescent Photoremovable Protecting Group for the Single and Dual Release of Carboxylic and Amino Acids
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A series of ester conjugates of carboxylic and amino acids were synthesized based on bimane fluorescent photoremovable protecting group (FPRPG). The photorelease of single and dual (same as well as different) carboxylic and amino acids is demonstrated from a single bimane molecule on irradiation with visible light (λ ≥ 410 nm). The detailed mechanistic study of photorelease revealed that the release of two caged acids is simultaneous but in a stepwise pathway.
- Chaudhuri, Amrita,Venkatesh, Yarra,Behara, Krishna Kalyani,Singh, N. D. Pradeep
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supporting information
p. 1598 - 1601
(2017/04/13)
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- Biotransformation of Indole to 3-Methylindole by Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus Strain MA
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An indole-biotransforming strain MA was identified as Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It transforms indole completely from the broth culture in the presence of an additional carbon source (i.e., sodium succinate). Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry identified indole-3-acetamide, indole-3-acetic acid, and 3-methylindole as transformation products. Tryptophan-2-monooxygenase activity was detected in the crude extracts of indole-induced cells of strain MA, which confirms the formation of indole-3-acetamide from tryptophan in the degradation pathway of indole. On the basis of identified metabolites and enzyme assay, we have proposed a new transformation pathway for indole degradation. Indole was first transformed to indole-3-acetamide via tryptophan. Indole-3-acetamide was then transformed to indole-3-acetic acid that was decarboxylated to 3-methylindole. This is the first report of a 3-methylindole synthesis via the degradation pathway of indole.
- Arora, Pankaj Kumar,Dhar, Kartik,Veloz García, Rafael Alejandro,Sharma, Ashutosh
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- Regioselective hydroarylation reactions of C3 electrophilic N-acetylindoles activated by FeCl3: An entry to 3-(Hetero)arylindolines
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A method for the direct and rare umpolung of the 3 position of indoles is reported. The activation of N-acetylindole with iron(III) chloride allows the C-H addition of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates to the C2-C3 double bond of the indole nucleus to generate a quaternary center at C3 and leads regioselectively to 3-arylindolines. Optimization, scope (50 examples), practicability (gram scale, air atmosphere, room temperature), and mechanistic insights of this process are presented. Synthetic transformations of the indoline products into drug-like compounds are also described.
- Beaud, Rodolphe,Guillot, Regis,Kouklovsky, Cyrille,Vincent, Guillaume
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supporting information
p. 7492 - 7500
(2014/06/23)
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- Enantioselective copper-catalyzed construction of aryl pyrroloindolines via an arylation-cyclization cascade
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An enantioselective arylation-cyclization cascade has been accomplished using a combination of diaryliodonium salts and asymmetric copper catalysis. These mild catalytic conditions provide a new strategy for the enantioselective construction of pyrroloindolines, an important alkaloid structural motif that is commonly found among biologically active natural products.
- Zhu, Shaolin,MacMillan, David W. C.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 10815 - 10818
(2012/08/07)
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- New synthetic approach to paullones and characterization of their SIRT1 inhibitory activity
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A series of 7,12-dihydroindolo[3,2-d][1]benzazepine-6(5H)-ones (paullones) substituted at C9/C10 (Br) and C2 (Me, CF3, CO2Me) have been synthesized by a one-pot Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of an o-aminoarylboronic acid and methyl 2-iodoindoleacetate followed by intramolecular amide formation. Other approaches to the paullone scaffold based on Pd-catalyzed C-H activation were unsuccessful. In vitro enzymatic assay with recombinant human SIRT-1 indicated a strong inhibitory profile for the series, in particular the analogue with a methoxycarbonyl group at C2 and a bromine at C9. These compounds are, in general, inducers of granulocyte differentiation of the U937 acute leukemia cell line and cause a marked increase in pre-G1 of the cell cycle.
- Soto, Sara,Vaz, Esther,Dell'Aversana, Carmela,Alvarez, Rosana,Altucci, Lucia,De Lera, Angel R.
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scheme or table
p. 2101 - 2112
(2012/04/23)
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- Deposition of new thia-containing Schiff-base iron (III) complexes onto carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes as a biosensor for electrooxidation and determination of amino acids
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Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as an immobilization matrix to incorporate an Fe (III)-Schiff base complex as an electron-transfer mediator onto a glassy carbon electrode surface. First, the preheated glassy carbon was subjected to abrasive immobilization of MWCNTs by gently rubbing the electrode surface on filter paper supporting the carbon nanotubes. Second, the electrode surface was modified by casting 100 μL of an Fe (III)-complex solution (0.01 M in ACN). The cyclic voltammograms of the modified electrode in an aqueous solution displayed a pair of well-defined, stable and nearly reversible reductive oxidation redox systems with surface confined characteristics. Combinations of unique electronic and electrocatalytic properties of MWCNTs and Fe (III)-Schiff base complexes resulted in a remarkable synergistic augmentation of the response. The electrochemical behavior and stability of the modified electrode in aqueous solutions at pH 1-9 were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The apparent electron transfer rate constant (Ks) and transfer coefficient (a) were determined by cyclic voltammetry and were approximately 7 s-1 and 0.55, respectively. The modified electrodes showed excellent catalytic activity towards the oxidation of amino acids at an unusually positive potential in acidic solution. They also displayed inherent stability at a wide pH range, fast response time, high sensitivity, low detection limit and had a remarkably positive potential oxidation of amino acids that decreased the effect of interferences in analysis. The linear concentration range, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantization (LOQ) and relative standard deviation of the proposed sensor for the amino acid detection were 1-55,000, 1.10-13.70, 2.79-27.14 and 1.30-5.11, respectively.
- Saghatforoush, Lotfali,Hasanzadeh, Mohammad,Shadjou, Nasrin,Khalilzadeh, Balal
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experimental part
p. 1051 - 1061
(2011/04/16)
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- X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 6-aminohexanoate cyclic dimer hydrolase: Catalytic mechanism and evolution of an enzyme responsible for nylon-6 byproduct degradation
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We performed x-ray crystallographic analyses of the 6-aminohexanoate cyclic dimer (Acd) hydrolase (NylA) from Arthrobacter sp., an enzyme responsible for the degradation of the nylon-6 industry byproduct. The fold adopted by the 472-amino acid polypeptide generated a compact mixed α/β fold, typically found in the amidase signature superfamily; this fold was especially similar to the fold of glutamyl-tRNAGln amido-transferase subunit A (z score, 49.4) and malonamidase E2 (z score, 44.8). Irrespective of the high degree of structural similarity to the typical amidase signature superfamily enzymes, the specific activity of NylA for glutamine, malonamide, and indoleacetamide was found to be lower than 0.5% of that for Acd. However, NylA possessed carboxylesterase activity nearly equivalent to the Acd hydrolytic activity. Structural analysis of the inactive complex between the activity-deficient S174A mutant of NylA and Acd, performed at 1.8 A resolution, suggested the following enzyme/substrate interactions: a Ser174-cis-Ser150-Lys72 triad constitutes the catalytic center; the backbone N in Ala171 and Ala172 are involved in oxyanion stabilization; Cys316-Sγ forms a hydrogen bond with nitrogen (Acd-N7) at the uncleaved amide bond in two equivalent amide bonds of Acd. A single S174A, S150A, or K72A substitution in NylA by site-directed mutagenesis decreased the Acd hydrolytic and esterolytic activities to undetectable levels, indicating that Ser174-cis-Ser150-Lys72 is essential for catalysis. In contrast, substitutions at position 316 specifically affected Acd hydrolytic activity, suggesting that Cys316 is responsible for Acd binding. On the basis of the structure and functional analysis, we discussed the catalytic mechanisms and evolution of NylA in comparison with other Ser-reactive hydrolases.
- Yasuhira, Kengo,Shibata, Naoki,Mongami, Go,Uedo, Yuki,Atsumi, Yu,Kawashima, Yasuyuki,Hibino, Atsushi,Tanaka, Yusuke,Lee, Young-Ho,Kato, Dai-Ichiro,Takeo, Masahiro,Higuchi, Yoshiki,Negoro, Seiji
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experimental part
p. 1239 - 1248
(2010/12/18)
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- Cloning and characterization of indolepyruvate decarboxylase from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1
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For the first time for methylotrophic bacteria an enzyme of phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.74), has been found. An open reading frame (ORF) was identified in the genome of facultative methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 using BLAST. This ORF encodes thiamine diphosphate-dependent 2-keto acid decarboxylase and has similarity with indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylases, which are key enzymes of IAA biosynthesis. The ORF of the gene, named ipdC, was cloned into overexpression vector pET-22b(+). Recombinant enzyme IpdC was purified from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and characterized. The enzyme showed the highest k cat value for benzoylformate, albeit the indolepyruvate was decarboxylated with the highest catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m). The molecular mass of the holoenzyme determined using gel-permeation chromatography corresponds to a 245-kDa homotetramer. An ipdC-knockout mutant of M. extorquens grown in the presence of tryptophan had decreased IAA level (46% of wild type strain). Complementation of the mutation resulted in 6.3-fold increase of IAA concentration in the culture medium compared to that of the mutant strain. Thus involvement of IpdC in IAA biosynthesis in M. extorquens was shown.
- Fedorov,Doronina,Trotsenko
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experimental part
p. 1435 - 1443
(2011/12/15)
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- Process of producing glutamate derivatives
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The present invention relates to a process for producing efficiently glutamic acid derivatives (including salts thereof) such as monatin by converting a substituted α-keto acid of formula (1) into a glutamic acid derivative of formula (2) in the presence of an enzyme catalyzing conversion of the same
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(2008/06/13)
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- Indole-3-acetic acid derivatives
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Compounds of formula (I), or physiologically functional derivatives thereof, wherein: R1, R2, R3 and R′3 are independently selected from H or lower alkyl; and R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H, electron withdrawing groups (such as F, Cl, Br, I, OCF3, carboxyl groups, acetal groups, electron deficient aryl groups), lower alkyl groups, lower alkoxy groups, aryl groups or aryloxy groups, wherein at least one of R4, R5, R6 and R7 is selected from an electron withdrawing group, may be used in methods of therapy, particular in treating neoplastic diseases in methods of GDEPT, ADPET, PDEPT and PDT.
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- Use of indole-3-acetic acid derivatives in medicine
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Compounds of formula (I), or physiologically functional derivatives thereof, wherein: R1, R2, R3 and R′3 are independently selected from II or lower alkyl; and R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H, electron withdrawing groups (such as F, Cl, Br, I, OCF3, carboxyl groups, acetal groups, electron deficient aryl groups), lower alkyl groups lower alkoxy groups, aryl groups or aryloxy groups, wherein it least one of R4, R5, R6, and R7 is selected from an electron withdrawing group, may be used in methods of therapy, particular in treating neoplastic diseases in methods of GDEPT, ADPET, PDEPT and PDT
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- Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of nitriles
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Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the following nitrilase catalyzed reactions: (1) benzonitrile(aq) + 2H2O(l) = benzoic acid(aq) + ammonia(aq), (2) benzylcyanide(aq) + 2H2O(l) = benzeneacetic acid(aq) + ammonia(aq), (3) 3-phenylpropionitrile(aq) + 2H 2O(l) = 3-phenylpropanoic acid(aq) + ammonia(aq), (4) 4-phenylbutyonitrile(aq) + 2H2O(l) = 4-phenylbutyric acid(aq) + ammonia(aq), (5) α-methylbenzyl cyanide(aq) + 2H2O(l) = α-methylbenzene acetic acid(aq) + ammonia(aq), and (6) 3-indoleacetonitrile(aq) + 2H2O(l) = indole-3-acetic acid(aq) + ammonia(aq). The equilibrium measurements showed that these reactions proceeded to completion. Thus, it was possible to set only lower limits for the values of the apparent equilibrium constants K′. However, it was possible to obtain precise values of the calorimetrically determined molar enthalpies of reaction ΔrHm(cal). These values were then used in conjunction with an equilibrium model to calculate values of the standard molar enthalpies for chemical reference reactions that correspond to the above overall biochemical reactions.
- Tewari, Yadu B.,Goldberg, Robert N.
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p. 720 - 728
(2007/10/03)
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- USE OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES IN MEDICINE
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Compounds of formula (I), or physiologically functional derivatives thereof, wherein: R1, R2, R3 and R'3 are independently selected from II or lower alkyl; and R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H, electron withdrawing groups (such as F, Cl, Br, I, OCF3, carboxyl groups, acetal groups, electron deficient aryl groups), lower alkyl groups lower alkoxy groups, aryl groups or aryloxy groups, wherein it least one of R4, R5, R6, and R7 is selected from an electron withdrawing group, may be used in methods of therapy, particular in treating neoplastic diseases in methods of GDEPT, ADPET, PDEPT and PDT
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- Methods and compositions for determining the sequence of nucleic acid molecules
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Methods and compounds, including compositions therefrom, are provided for determining the sequence of nucleic acid molecules. The methods permit the determination of multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously. The compounds are used as tags to generate tagged nucleic acid fragments which are complementary to a selected target nucleic acid molecule. Each tag is correlative with a particular nucleotide and, in a preferred embodiment, is detectable by mass spectrometry. Following separation of the tagged fragments by sequential length, the tags are cleaved from the tagged fragments. In a preferred embodiment, the tags are detected by mass spectrometry and the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is determined therefrom. The individual steps of the methods can be used in automated format, e.g., by the incorporation into systems.
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- INHIBITORS OF PRENYL-PROTEIN TRANSFERASE
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The present invention comprises piperazine/piperazinone-containing compounds having multicyclic ring system substituents on one of the piperazine/piperazinone nitrogens, which inhibit prenyl-protein transferases, including farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I. Such therapeutic compounds are useful in the treatment of cancer
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Page column 41
(2010/01/21)
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- Process for hydrogenation of isoalpha acids
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The invention relates to a process for converting alpha acid and isoalpha acids to tetrahydroisoalpha acid. The process comprises isomerizing an alpha acid to produce isoalpha acid and hydrogenating the isoalpha acid in the presence of a noble metal catalyst wherein, the noble metal catalyst is added incrementally or continuously throughout the hydrogenation step. The invention also relates to tetrahydroisoalpha acids made by the above process.
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- An expedient palladium-mediated route to 3-arylfurans
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A facile route to 3-arylfurans has been developed by employing the Heck reaction between 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran and aryl iodides as the key step.
- Taniguchi, Takahiko,Nagata, Hiroshi,Kanada, Regina Mikie,Kadota, Kohei,Takeuchi, Miwako,Ogasawara, Kunio
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- A Novel Enzyme, L-Tryptophan Oxidase, from a Basidiomycete, Coprinus sp. SF-1: Purification and Characterization
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A basidiomycete, Coprinus sp. SF-1, was found to produce an L-Trp-oxidizing enzyme by screening from the culture collection of our laboratory. After solubilization by 1 M NaSCN from the participate fraction of disrupted cells of the strain, the enzyme was purified about 76-fold to essential homogeneity. The enzyme had a molecular mass of about 420 kDa and the subunit molecular mass was 68 kDa. The enzyme contained 1 mol of non-covalently bound FAD per mol of the subunit. It catalyzed the simultaneous reactions of oxidative deamination and oxygenative decarboxylation of L-Trp to form indolepyruvic acid and indole-3-acetamide, the former of which was further oxidized to indole-3-acetic acid. The molar ratio of the respective reaction products was about 9:1. The enzyme specifically oxidized L-Trp, and slightly acted on L-Phe and L-Tyr. The Km for L-Trp was about 0.5 mM in both oxidase and oxygenase reactions. Thus, the enzyme is a novel one and was tentatively designated L-Trp oxidase (deaminating and decarboxylating) . The optimum pHs of oxidase and oxygenase activities were 7.0 and 9.0, respectively. The optimum temperatures of both activities were 50°C. The enzyme was stable at pH 6.0-10.5 and below 50°C, and at 4°C for 1 year.
- Furuya, Yuji,Sawada, Hidemi,Hirahara, Toshikatsu,Ito, Kazue,Ohshiro, Takashi,Izumi, Yoshikazu
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p. 1486 - 1493
(2007/10/03)
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- Oxidative decarbonylation of β-arylpyruvic acids using sodium perborate
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Oxidation of β-aryl- and β-heteroarylpyruvic acids using sodium perborate tetrahydrate (SPB) in aqueous solution at ambient temperature gives the corresponding arylacetic acids in good yield (68-86%). The mild conditions are convenient for the preparation of thermally unstable acids. In particular the method has been applied to the preparation of an unstable 5- nitroimidazol-2-yl ethanoic acid which could not be obtained using other reagents apparently due to enolisation of the pyruvic acid precursor. Attempts to achieve decarbonylation using calcium hypochlorite or SPB in acidic solution lead to the 2 chloromethyl derivatives. The novel 5- nitroimidazol-2-yl ethanoic acid, which was required as a precursor of molecules of biological interest, has been fully characterised and converted to a known amide. Reaction of this acid with Vilsmeier's reagent gave an enamine derivative and not the expected vinamidinium salt. This novel mode of reaction is attributable to intramolecular hydrogen-bonding and favourable conjugation.
- Morrow, Nicholas,Ramsden, Christopher A.,Sargent, Bruce J.,Wallett, Christiaan D.
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p. 9603 - 9612
(2007/10/03)
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- Topical alkyl-2-O-L-ascorbyl-phosphates
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This disclosure relates to a method for topical use of a derivative of L-ascorbic acid which is stable, easily incorporated into cosmetically acceptable vehicles and enzymatically bioreversible in the skin to free ascorbic acid and a safe alkanol component. An exemplary embodiment uses the alkyl-2-O-L-ascorbyl-phosphate which is shown in Formula I. STR1
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- Tricyclic derivatives, compositions and methods of use
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Disclosed are compounds of Formula I: STR1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of Formula I, methods for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α and methods for treating septic shock, inflammation, or allergic disease.
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- A convenient method for the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acids
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Starting from the corresponding indoles, indole-3-acetic acids were synthesized through indole-3-glyoxylic acids, followed by hydrazone formation with p-toluenesulfonhydrazide, then reduction of the hydrazones with sodium borohydride.
- Guan, Xiangming,Borchardt, Ronald T.
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p. 3013 - 3016
(2007/10/02)
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- Kinetic Study of the Nitrosation of 3-Substituted Indoles
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Kinetic studies of the nitrosation reaction of three 3-substituted indoles (3-methylindole, indol-3-yl acetate and indole-3-acetic acid) show that the final state is an equilibrium between the reactants (nitrous acid and indole derivative) and the 1-nitroso derivative.Values of the rate constants for the nitrosation of the three indoles and denitrosation of the corresponding nitrosoindoles as well as values of the equilibrium constants have been obtained.The almost complete insensitivity of the reaction rates to medium acidity, the absence of catalysis by the usual catalysts of nitrosation (halides) and the high reactivity at low acidities, are in contrast to the kinetic characteristics of other N-nitrosation reactions.This atypical behaviour is discussed in terms of possible reaction mechanisms.
- Bravo, Carlos,Herves, Pablo,Leis, J. Ramon,Pena, M. Elena
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p. 185 - 190
(2007/10/02)
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- Substituent Effects on the Spectral, Acid-Base, and Redox Properties of Indolyl Radicals: A Pulse Radiolysis Study
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Spectral and acid-base properties and reduction potentials of various substituted indolyl radicals were studied by pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions at 20 deg C.Except for the 5-methoxyindolyl and 5-carboxyindolyl radicals, the spectra of the substituted indolyl radicals resemble the previously published 320- and 520-nm spectra of the neutral and 330- and 580-nm spectra of the cation indolyl and tryptophan radicals.The substitution of indolyl radical cation by electron-attracting groups (positive ?+) results in a blue shift of the 580-nm band by ca. 30 nm,, whereas the spectra of methylindolyl (?+ = -0.31) are similar to those of unsubstituted indolyl radicals.The 430- and 455-nm bands appearing in the spectra of the 5-carboxyindolyl and 5-methoxyindolyl radical cations, respectively, indicate even stronger interaction of the unpaired electron with the 5-substituent.The radical cations of various indole-3-acetic acids decarboxylate at pH values below their pKa to produce allyl radicals.The 5-bromoindolyl radical undergoes solvolysis to 5-hydroxyindolyl radical in acidic and alkaline media.The dissociation constants and reduction potentials of the substituted indolyl radicals correlate with the Brown substituent constants: pKr = 4.14 - 2.13Σ?+, correlation coefficient 0.987, and E0/0.059 = 22.29 + 3.5Σ?+, correlation coefficient 0.980.The ρ values from these correlations (-2.13 and 3.5) are similar to that of the Hammett correlation of the dissociation constants of the protonated indole nitrogen in various substituted indoles, ρ = -2.49, but smaller than the ρ value of the dependence on the substituent of the reduction potentials of phenoxyl radicals, ρ = 5.4.
- Jovanovic, Slobodan V.,Steenken, Steen
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p. 6674 - 6679
(2007/10/02)
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- Substituted 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano(3,4-B)indole-1-acetic acids
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Indole derivatives characterized by having a 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid nucleus bearing a substituent in position 1 and 4. The nucleus may be optionally substituted at positions 5, 6, 7 and 8. The derivatives are useful anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents and methods for their preparation and use are also disclosed.
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- A Soluble Protein Factor from Chinese Cabbage Converts Indole-3-acetaldoxime to IAA
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A soluble enzyme preparation from Chinese cabbage seedlings (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) which catalyses the conversion of indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOX) to IAA was partially purified by ion exchange chromatography.After purification enzyme activity was stable for more than 6 hr.Substrate kinetics showed a Km value of 50 μM; the pH optimum was 7.The conversion of IAOX to IAA was increased by NAD, NADP or FAD, but none of them seemed to be a preferential co-substrate.Besides IAA some labelled indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAALD) could be extracted from the reaction mixture.Addition of unlabelled IAALD at 100 nmol/ml led to a significant inhibition of IAA formation while some label accumulated in the aldehyde.Indole-3-acetonitrile was never detected as a reaction product.The results are compared with those from earlier in vivo experiments and are discussed in view of their significance for IAA biosynthesis in the Brassicaceae.Key Word Index - Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis; Cruciferae; Chinese cabbage; indole-3-acetaldoxime; indole-3-acetaldehyde; IAA biosynthesis.
- Helmlinger, Juergen,Rausch, Thomas,Hilgenberg, Willy
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p. 615 - 618
(2007/10/02)
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- OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF α-AMINO ACIDS WITH COENZYME PQQ
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Oxidative decarboxylation of α-phenylglycine with coenzyme PQQ was performed catalytically in the presence of CTAB under mild condi- tions to give benzaldehyd and benzoic acid.
- Itoh, Shinobu,Kato, Nobuyuki,Ohshiro, Yoshiki,Agawa, Toshio
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p. 4753 - 4756
(2007/10/02)
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- SPECIFICALLY DEUTERATED AND TRITIATED AUXINS
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Regiospecific synthesis of monodeuterated and monotritiated natural auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), a synthetic auxin (naphthalene-1-acetic acid) and a photoaffinity labeling auxin (5-azidoindole-3-acetic acid) are described.These synthesis provide benzene-ring tritiated auxins for use in reversible and covalent binding studies. - Key Word Index: Auxin; azido auxin; indole-3-acetic acid; 5-azidoindole-3-acetic acid; napthalene-1-acetic acid; radiolabeling; photoaffinity labeling; synthesis.
- Melhado, L. Lee,Pearce, Cedric J.,d'Alarcao, Marc,Leonard, Nelson J.
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p. 2879 - 2886
(2007/10/02)
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- 1,2,3-Thiadiazole-3-in-5-ylidene-urea derivatives, process for making the same and compositions containing the same having growth regulating activity for plants
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1,2,3-Thiadiazole-3-in-5-ylidene-urea derivative of the formula STR1 in which R1 is hydrogen or alkyl which may be substituted in one or several places by oxygen or sulfur and wherein R2 and R3 have the meaning as given in the attached specification and wherein X is oxygen or sulfur. The compounds have properties suited for controlling the natural growth and natural development of plants and in addition have a superior defoliating property without accompanying unpleasant odors.
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- 1,2,3-Thiadiazole-2-id derivatives, process for making the same and composition containing the same having a growth regulating activity for plants
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1,2,3-Thiadiazole-2-id-derivative of the formula STR1 in which R1 is hydrogen or alkyl which may be substituted in one or several places by oxygen or sulfur and wherein R1 has the meaning as given in the attached specification and wherein X is oxygen or sulfur and B is a univalent metal atom. The compounds have properties suited for controlling the natural growth and natural development of plants and in addition have a superior defoliating property.
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- Salts of phosphonic acids
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New and valuable salts of phosphonic acids whose cationic components are ammonium radicals, agents for influencing the growth of plants with these salts, and a process for their manufacture.
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