An instrument for measuring temperatures of 1800C or higher, for example, molten steels, hot springs, volcanoes, etc. There are three kinds: (1) thermocouples of the graphite to silicon carbide type; (2) optical, in which the indications depend on the brightness at some one wavelength of the hot body whose temperature is being measured; and (3) radiation, in which the indications depend on the radiance of a source of radiant energy.See Thermocouple.