1139-73-7Relevant articles and documents
Multisite prenylation of 4-substituted tryptophans by dimethylallyltryptophan synthase
Rudolf, Jeffrey D.,Wang, Hong,Poulter, C. Dale
, p. 1895 - 1902 (2013)
The aromatic prenyltransferase dimethylallyltryptophan synthase in Claviceps purpurea catalyzes the normal prenylation of tryptophan at C4 of the indole nucleus in the first committed step of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. 4-Methyltryptophan is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme that has been used in kinetic studies. Upon investigation of background activity during incubations of 4-methyltryptophan with dimethylallyl diphosphate, we found that the analogue was an alternate substrate, which gave four products. The structures of three of these compounds were established by 1H NMR and 2D NMR studies and revealed that dimethylallyltryptophan synthase catalyzed both normal and reverse prenylation at C3 of the indole ring and normal prenylation of N1. Similarly, 4-methoxytryptophan was an alternate substrate, giving normal prenylation at C5 as the major product. 4-Aminotryptophan, another alternate substrate, gave normal prenylation at C5 and C7. The ability of dimethylallyltryptophan synthase to prenylate at five different sites on the indole nucleus, with normal and reverse prenylation at one of the sites, is consistent with a dissociative electrophilic alkylation of the indole ring, where orientation of the substrates within the active site and substituent electronic effects determine the position and type of prenylation. These results suggest a common mechanism for prenylation of tryptophan by all of the members of the structurally related dimethylallyltryptophan synthase family.
METHODS FOR PRODUCING D-TRYPTOPHAN AND SUBSTITUTED D-TRYPTOPHANS
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Page/Page column 17-18, (2021/04/01)
Single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and NRPS-like enzymes activate and transform carboxylic acids in both primary and secondary metabolism; and are of great interest due to their biocatalytic potentials. The single-module NRPS IvoA is essential for fungal pigment biosynthesis. As disclosed herein, we show that IvoA catalyzes ATP-dependent unidirectional stereoinversion of L-tryptophan to D-tryptophan with complete conversion. While the stereoinversion is catalyzed by the epimerization (E) domain, the terminal condensation (C) domain stereoselectively hydrolyzes D-tryptophanyl-S-phosphopantetheine thioester and thus represents a noncanonical C domain function. Using IvoA, we demonstrate a biocatalytic stereoinversion/deracemization route to access a variety of substituted D-tryptophan analogs in high enantiomeric excess.
Complete Stereoinversion of l -Tryptophan by a Fungal Single-Module Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase
Hai, Yang,Jenner, Matthew,Tang, Yi
supporting information, p. 16222 - 16226 (2019/10/14)
Single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and NRPS-like enzymes activate and transform carboxylic acids in both primary and secondary metabolism and are of great interest due to their biocatalytic potentials. The single-module NRPS IvoA is essential for fungal pigment biosynthesis. Here, we show that IvoA catalyzes ATP-dependent unidirectional stereoinversion of l-tryptophan to d-tryptophan with complete conversion. While the stereoinversion is catalyzed by the epimerization (E) domain, the terminal condensation (C) domain stereoselectively hydrolyzes d-tryptophanyl-S-phosphopantetheine thioester and thus represents a noncanonical C domain function. Using IvoA, we demonstrate a biocatalytic stereoinversion/deracemization route to access a variety of substituted d-tryptophan analogs in high enantiomeric excess.
De novo Biosynthesis of “Non-Natural” Thaxtomin Phytotoxins
Winn, Michael,Francis, Daniel,Micklefield, Jason
supporting information, p. 6830 - 6833 (2018/06/04)
Thaxtomins are diketopiperazine phytotoxins produced by Streptomyces scabies and other actinobacterial plant pathogens that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis in plants. Due to their potent bioactivity and novel mode of action there has been considerable interest in developing thaxtomins as herbicides for crop protection. To address the need for more stable derivatives, we have developed a new approach for structural diversification of thaxtomins. Genes encoding the thaxtomin NRPS from S. scabies, along with genes encoding a promiscuous tryptophan synthase (TrpS) from Salmonella typhimurium, were assembled in a heterologous host Streptomyces albus. Upon feeding indole derivatives to the engineered S. albus strain, tryptophan intermediates with alternative substituents are biosynthesized and incorporated by the NRPS to deliver a series of thaxtomins with different functionalities in place of the nitro group. The approach described herein, demonstrates how genes from different pathways and different bacterial origins can be combined in a heterologous host to create a de novo biosynthetic pathway to “non-natural” product target compounds.
