1122-09-4Relevant articles and documents
Finding the Perfect Match: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study toward Efficient and Scalable Photosensitized [2 + 2] Cycloadditions in Flow
Williams, Jason D.,Nakano, Momoe,Gérardy, Romaric,Rincón, Juan A.,De Frutos, óscar,Mateos, Carlos,Monbaliu, Jean-Christophe M.,Kappe, C. Oliver
, (2019)
With ever-evolving light-emitting diode (LED) technology, classical photochemical transformations are becoming accessible with more efficient and industrially viable light sources. In combination with a triplet sensitizer, we report the detailed exploration of [2 + 2] cycloadditions, in flow, of various maleic anhydride derivatives with gaseous ethylene. By the use of a flow reactor capable of gas handling and LED wavelength/power screening, an in-depth optimization of these reactions was carried out. In particular, we highlight the importance of matching the substrate and sensitizer triplet energies alongside the light source emission wavelength and power. Initial triplet-sensitized reactions of maleic anhydride were hampered by benzophenone's poor absorbance at 375 nm. However, density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted that derivatives such as citraconic anhydride have low enough triplet energies to undergo triplet transfer from thioxanthone, whose absorbance matches the LED emission at 375 nm. This observation held true experimentally, allowing optimization and further exemplification in a larger-scale reactor, whereby >100 g of material was processed in 10 h. These straightforward DFT calculations were also applied to a number of other substrates and showed a good correlation with experimental data, implying that their use can be a powerful strategy in targeted reaction optimization for future substrates.
The synthesis of unsubstituted cyclic imides using hydroxylamine under microwave irradiation
Benjamin, Ellis,Hijji, Yousef
, p. 157 - 169 (2008/09/17)
Unsubstituted cyclic imides were synthesized from a series of cyclic anhydrides, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl), and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP, base catalyst) under microwave irradiation in monomode and multimode microwaves. This novel microwave synthesis produced high yields of the unsubstituted cyclic imides for both the monomode (61-81%) and multimode (84-97%) microwaves.
OLEFIN CYCLISATIONS OF HINDERED α-ACYLIMINIUM IONS
Wijnberg, B. P.,Speckamp, W. N.,Oostveen, A. R. C.
, p. 209 - 217 (2007/10/02)
Stereocontrolled NaBH4/H+-reduction of 3,4-cis-disubstituted N-alkenyl imides 1-5 leads to secondary hydroxylactams.Tertiary hydroxylactams are formed via addition of MeMgCl to imides 2 and 4.HCOOH-Cyclisation of the hydroxylactams affords polycyclic piperidines through stereoselective α-acyliminium ring closure.Concomitant synchronous and stepwise cyclisation pathways are operative in the anti-periplanar addition of tertiary α-acyliminium ions to Me substituted olefins 8c and 11c.