65666-07-1 Usage
Description
Silymarin is a flavonoid complex consisting of silybin, silydianin, and silychrisin, derived from the milk thistle plant. It is a potent antioxidant, anti-cancer agent, and liver-protecting agent with numerous pharmaceutical functions.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Silymarin is used as a liver-protecting agent for promoting healthy liver function and general health, strengthening the normal cellular defense system to protect liver tissue, and helping to eliminate toxins accumulating in the liver.
Used in Antiviral and Antibacterial Applications:
Silymarin is used as an antiviral and antibacterial agent for studying its in vitro antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, as well as its cytotoxicity.
Used in Treatment of Cystitis:
Silymarin is used as a therapeutic agent for studying its effect on bladder contractions in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat models.
Used in Treatment of Liver Toxication:
Silymarin is used as a hepatoprotective agent for studying its effect on liver toxication induced by Fumonisin B1 in mice.
Used in Neuroprotection:
Silymarin is used as a neuroprotective agent, providing extracts such as (+)-taxifolin as an inhibitor of β-amyloid aggregation.
Used in Traditional Medicine:
In the United States, milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is commonly used to treat viral infections and cirrhosis of the liver. It was used in classical Greece to treat liver and gallbladder diseases and to protect the liver against toxins. It has been investigated for use as a cytoprotectant, an anticarcinogen, and a supportive treatment for liver damage from Amanita phalloides poisoning. Its active ingredient, silymarin, is found primarily in the seeds and undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, resulting in higher concentrations in liver cells than in serum. Silymarin is made up of components called flavonolignans, with the most common being silybin.
Pharmacokinetics
Silymarin is insoluble in water and is often administered in a capsulated form. It is absorbed orally, with peak plasma concentration in 6-8 hr. But, the oral absorption of silymarin is only about 23-47% leading to low bioavailability. The poor water solubility and bioavailability led to the development of enhanced formulations like silipide (Siliphos) a complex of silymarin and phosphatidylcholine which is ten times more bioavailable.
Mechanism of action
Silymarin's hepatoprotective effects are accomplished by several mechanisms which include antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, enhanced hepatocyte regeneration, enhanced liver detoxification and protection from glutathione depletion, antiinlammatory effects including inhibition of leukotriene, prostaglandin synthesis and kupffer cells, mast cell stabilization. slowing of fibrosis by reducing conversion of hepatic stellate cells.
Silymarin is a naturally-occurring polyphenolic flavonoid compound. Silymarin is derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant. It has inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. In one study (Choo et al., 2009), silymarin was shown to significantly prevent melanin production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 28.2 μg/ml, without effects on cell viability (Choo et al., 2009). Also, silymarin inhibits the L-DOPA oxidation activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase in cell based-systems but it does not directly affect cell-free tyrosinase activity (Choo et al., 2009). Furthermore, silymarin decreases the expression of tyrosinase protein (Choo et al., 2009).
Mechanism of action
Silybum marianum (milk thistle) contains numerous phytocompounds, such as silymarin and silibinin, demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Silibinin has strong protection against UV-induced damage by inhibition in both cell proliferation and apoptosis by reducing thymine dimer-positive cells and upregulating p53 in mice. Increasing the transcriptional activity of p53 leads to the synthesis of p21/Cip1, a protein that arrests DNA synthesis and thereby increases DNA repair time.
Mechanism of action
Silymarin is thought to protect the liver by preventing
the entry of toxins into the hepatocyte and by stimulating
nucleolar polymerase A, which, in turn, increases
protein synthesis and liver regeneration. Silymarin undergoes
enterohepatic circulation, increasing its concentration
in hepatocytes. It is also an antioxidant in its
own right and is considered to have some cytoprotective
effect against carcinogens.
Side effects
Silymarin has very low toxicity and has been shown a good safety profile. At high doses it has a laxative effect due to increased bile secretion, adverse effects related to GI tract were reported in 2-10% patients in a clinical trial.
Side effects
Milk thistle appears to be remarkably safe, with loose
stools due to increased bile solubility and occasional allergic
reactions being the common side effects. It has not
been evaluated in children or in pregnant women.There
are no known serious drug or herb interactions.
References
http://www.smart-publications.com/articles/silymarin-a-potent-antioxidant-liver-protector-and-anti-cancer-agent/page-2
http://172.16.24.181/www.mediherb.com/media/797348/silymarin-pds.pdf
Indications
Milk thistle (Silybum [Carduus] marianus) is a spiny
European plant with white-veined leaves and milky sap,
the seed of which is used to treat liver disease.Milk thistle
seed extract is used orally in the treatment of alcoholic
and other cirrhoses and in Europe intravenously
for its hepatoprotective effect in Amanita and other
mushroom poisonings. It is grown in this country primarily
as a “liver cleanser” and is reputed to protect this
organ from a wide array of toxins.Milk thistle seed contains
the active principle silymarin, a complex of
flavonolignan compounds including silibinin (silybin),
silidianin, and silychristin.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Silymarin was shown to protect the liver from the cytotoxic effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs by decreasing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. This effect was related to the anti-oxidant effects of silymarin.
Clinical Use
Alcoholic cirrhosis has been improved (faster return
of liver enzymes to baseline) in at least three trials, although
one multicenter Spanish study failed to
demonstrate any change in the clinical course.There is
no evidence to support the use of milk thistle to increase
alcohol tolerance, although it is certainly being
used for this purpose. The effectiveness of silymarin
for viral hepatitis is not clear, although several trials
demonstrated enough benefit to encourage further
studies.
Intravenous silymarin has been demonstrated to
lower mortality from Amanita mushroom poisonings,
but this formulation is available only in Europe.Animal
studies have demonstrated hepatic protection against
alcohol, acetaminophen, and mushroom toxins and protection
against hepatic fibrosis with bile duct occlusion.
There is also evidence of silybin protecting against cisplatin-
induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It is not yet clear
whether milk thistle extract offers any renal protection
to humans.
Toxicity evaluation
Silymarin has been known for its very low toxicity, Acute toxicity studies of silymarin after intravenous infusion have been carried out in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. The LD50 values were 400 mg/kg in mice, 385 mg/ kg in rats, and 140 mg/kg in rabbits and dogs though these values were dependent on infusion rate. With slow infusion rate (over 2 to 3 h) the LD50 increased to 2 g/kg in rats and after oral administration it was even 10 g/kg.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 65666-07-1 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 6,5,6,6 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 7 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 65666-07:
(7*6)+(6*5)+(5*6)+(4*6)+(3*6)+(2*0)+(1*7)=151
151 % 10 = 1
So 65666-07-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C25H22O10/c1-32-17-6-11(2-4-14(17)28)24-20(10-26)33-16-5-3-12(7-18(16)34-24)25-23(31)22(30)21-15(29)8-13(27)9-19(21)35-25/h2-9,20,23-29,31H,10H2,1H3/t20-,23-,24-,25+/m0/s1
Xi:Irritant;
