- Polymer enzyme conjugates as chiral ligands for sharpless dihydroxylation of alkenes in organic solvents
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Conjugates of enzymes and poly(2-methyloxazoline) were used as organosoluble amphiphilic polymer nanocontainers for dissolving osmate, thereby converting the enzymes into organosoluble artificial metalloenzymes. These were shown to catalyze the dihydroxylation of different alkenes with high enantio-selectivity The highest selectivities, found for osmate complexed with laccase polymer-enzyme conjugates (PECs), even exceed those of classical Sharpless catalysts.
- Konieczny, Stefan,Leurs, Melanie,Tiller, Joerg C.
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- Synthesis of alkyl sulfonates from sulfonic acids or sodium sulfonates using solid-phase bound reagents
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An efficient and selective method for the synthesis of sulfonic esters from sulfonic acids or sodium sulfonates using polymer-bound primary triazenes based upon the T2* linker has been developed. The purities of the esters obtained are usually greater tha
- Vignola, Nicola,Dahmen, Stefan,Enders, Dieter,Br?se, Stefan
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- Chemoselective and scalable preparation of alkyl tosylates under solvent-free conditions
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The improved method for the efficient tosylation of alcohols has been reported using two procedures (A and B). Procedure A: methanol, ethanol, benzyl alcohols, and valuable ethylene glycols can be converted into their corresponding alkyl tosylates in very fast, simple, and efficient grinding method using potassium carbonate as solid base. Other primary and secondary alcohols need to add potassium hydroxide to reaction mixture (procedure B). High selectivity of tosylation was observed for these two procedures. Scale up ability was found in this method even in 100 mmol of substrate. The present method is the example of solid-state tosylation using tosyl chloride, and is a green chemical process due to solvent-free conditions.
- Kazemi, Foad,Massah, Ahmad R.,Javaherian, Mohammad
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- Influence of Alkoxy Groups on Rates of Acetal Hydrolysis and Tosylate Solvolysis: Electrostatic Stabilization of Developing Oxocarbenium Ion Intermediates and Neighboring-Group Participation to Form Oxonium Ions
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The hydrolysis of 4-alkoxy-substituted acetals was accelerated by about 20-fold compared to that of sterically comparable substrates that do not have an alkoxy group. Rate accelerations are largest when the two functional groups are linked by a flexible cyclic tether. When controlled for the inductive destabilization, an alkoxy group can accelerate acetal hydrolysis by up to 200-fold. The difference in rates of acetal hydrolysis between a substrate where the alkoxy group was tethered to the acetal group by a five-membered ring compared to one where it was tethered by an eight-membered ring was less than 100-fold, suggesting that fused-ring intermediates were not formed. By comparison, the difference in rates of solvolysis of structurally related tosylates were nearly 106-fold between the five- and eight-membered ring series. This observation implicates neighboring-group participation in the solvolysis of tosylates but not in the hydrolysis of acetals. The acceleration of acetal hydrolysis by an alkoxy group is better explained by electrostatic stabilization of intermediates that accumulate positive charge at the acetal carbon atom. (Chemical Presented).
- Garcia, Angie,Otte, Douglas A. L.,Salamant, Walter A.,Sanzone, Jillian R.,Woerpel
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- Acceleration of acetal hydrolysis by remote alkoxy groups: Evidence for electrostatic effects on the formation of oxocarbenium ions
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In contrast to observations with carbohydrates, experiments with 4-alkoxy-substituted acetals indicate that an alkoxy group can accelerate acetal hydrolysis by up to 20-fold compared to substrates without an alkoxy group. The acceleration of ionization in more flexible acetals can be up to 200-fold when compensated for inductive effects.
- Garcia, Angie,Otte, Douglas A. L.,Sanzone, Jillian R.,Woerpel, K. A.,Salamant, Walter A.
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- Synthesis of a leopolic acid-inspired tetramic acid with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria
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The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is one of the biggest threats to human health and food security. The discovery of new antibacterials, and in particular the finding of new scaffolds, is an imperative goal to stay ahead of the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Herein we report the synthesis of a 3-decyltetramic acid analogue of the ureido dipeptide natural antibiotic leopolic acid A. The key step in the synthetic strategy is an intramolecular Lacey-Dieckmann cyclization reaction of a linear precursor to obtain the desired 3-alkyl-substituted tetramic acid core. The synthesized analogue is more effective than the parent leopolic acid A against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria (MIC 8 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, respectively). Interestingly, the compound shows a significant activity against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains expressing a multidrug-resistant phenotype (average MIC 32 μg/mL on 30 strains tested). These results suggest that this molecule can be considered a promising starting point for the development of a novel class of antibacterial agents active also against resistant strains.
- Mattio, Luce,Musso, Loana,Scaglioni, Leonardo,Pinto, Andrea,Martino, Piera Anna,Dallavalle, Sabrina
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- An efficient one-pot conversion of THP and TMS ethers to sulfonate esters using FeCl3-montmorillonite K-10 clay
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Various tetrahydropyranyl and trimethylsilyl ethers are efficiently transformed into the corresponding sulfonate esters with sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of FeCl3-Montmorillonite K-10 clay.
- Movassagh, Barahman,Shokri, Salman
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- Direct facile tetrahydrofuranylation of alcohols in p-TsCl/NaH/THF system
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Several alcohols were converted in excellent yields into their 2-tetrahydrofuranyl-ethers in the presence of p-TsCl and NaH in THF under mild conditions. A radical process was proposed.
- Yu,Hui
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Read Online
- Methanesulfinylation of Benzyl Halides with Dimethyl Sulfoxide
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A phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide-mediated nucleophilic substitution/oxygen transformation reaction of benzyl halides with DMSO has been developed. In this transition-metal-free reaction, DMSO acts as not only a solvent but also a "S(O)Me" source, thus providing a convenient method for the efficient and direct synthesis of various benzyl methyl sulfoxides.
- Fu, Duo,Dong, Jun,Du, Hongguang,Xu, Jiaxi
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p. 2752 - 2758
(2020/01/31)
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- Carbon glucoside sodium glucose transport protein body 2 inhibitor
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The invention relates to a carbon glucoside sodium glucose transport protein body 2 inhibitor, a preparation method and an application of the inhibitor. The carbon glucoside sodium glucose transport protein body 2 inhibitor has a structure as shown in general formula (I) as shown in the specification.
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Paragraph 0038; 0127-0130
(2018/07/30)
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- Ionic liquid brush as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalytic assembly for the tosylation of phenols and alcohols in neat water
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A very efficient and reusable heterogeneous ionic liquid brush assembly was developed. The catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for the tosylation of phenols and alcohols in neat water. Moreover, the catalyst shows outstanding stability and reusability, and it can be simply and effectively recovered and reused five times without noticeable loss of catalytic activity.
- Feng, Simin,Li, Jing,Wei, Junfa
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supporting information
p. 4743 - 4746
(2017/07/12)
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- METAL OXIDE CATALYZED RADIOFLUORINATION
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Inter alia, the first titania-catalyzed [18F]-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium is provided. In embodiments, the method utilizes titanium dioxide, 1 : 1 acetonitrile- thexyl alcohol solvent mixture and tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate as a base. Radiolabeling may be directly performed with aqueous [18F]fluoride without the need for drying/azeotroping step, which reduces radiosynthesis time while keeping high fluoride conversion. The general applicability of the synthetic strategy to the synthesis of the wide range of PET probes from tosylated precursors is demonstrated.
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Paragraph 0109
(2016/02/28)
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- Titania-catalyzed radiofluorination of tosylated precursors in highly aqueous medium
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Nucleophilic radiofluorination is an efficient synthetic route to many positron-emission tomography (PET) probes, but removal of water to activate the cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride has to be performed prior to reaction, which significantly increases overall radiolabeling time and causes radioactivity loss. In this report, we demonstrate the possibility of 18F-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium. The method utilizes titania nanoparticles, 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture, and tetra-n-butylammonium bicarbonate as a phase-transfer agent. Efficient radiolabeling is directly performed with aqueous [18F]fluoride without the need for a drying/azeotroping step to significantly reduce radiosynthesis time. High radiochemical purity of the target compound is also achieved. The substrate scope of the synthetic strategy is demonstrated with a range of aromatic, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic tosylated precursors.
- Sergeev, Maxim E.,Morgia, Federica,Lazari, Mark,Wang, Christopher,Van Dam, R. Michael
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supporting information
p. 5686 - 5694
(2015/05/20)
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- Selective synthesis of benzyl enol ethers of β-dicarbonyl compounds in basic condition and the application towards synthesis of naphthoquinones
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Selective synthesis of benzyl enol ether of β-tetronic acids and β-dicarbonyl compounds in basic condition was examined. Benzylation of α-methyl-β-tetronic acid with benzyl tosylate in the presence of potassium carbonate gave the corresponding benzyl enol ether exclusively. The reaction of β-tetronic acid and cyclic 1,3-diketones gave the O-benzyl adducts preferentially than the C,O-dibenzylated ones. Diels-Alder reaction of furan derived the benzyl enol ether of α-methyl-β-tetronic acid and benzyne furnished the functionalized napthoquinone derivatives.
- Katakawa, Kazuaki,Yonenaga, Dai,Terada, Tomoyo,Aida, Naoya,Sakamoto, Airi,Hoshino, Keishi,Kumamoto, Takuya
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p. 817 - 825
(2016/11/13)
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- Development of a metal-free oxidation of alcohols with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated by tosyl chloride
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In this article we propose an efficient metal-free method for the mild oxidation of alcohols using dimethyl sulfoxide/tosyl chloride at ambient temperature. The procedure described here is an easy and practical method for the oxidation of primary, secondary, allylic, and benzylic alcohols into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. The notable advantages of this protocol are mild reaction conditions, good yields and selectivity, and simple workup with minimal waste containing no metallic components. The mechanism of the transformation is also investigated.
- Saadati, Fariba,Yousefi, Kobra
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p. 2818 - 2825
(2014/09/17)
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- A dicationic, podand-like, ionic liquid water system accelerated copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne click reaction
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In this work, an effective, task specific, dicationic, podand-like ionic liquid was synthesized and applied to improve the capability features of click reaction. Moreover, to broaden the scope and decreasing the serious limitations of preparation methods of organic azides, a simple green procedure for the preparation of alkyl azides, the fundamental starting materials in click reactions, from alcohols under solvent-free conditions and microwave irradiation has been reported, for the first time.
- Javaherian, Mohammad,Kazemi, Foad,Ghaemi, Masoumeh
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p. 1643 - 1647
(2015/01/09)
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- Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of vinyldisiloxanes with benzylic and allylic halides and sulfonates
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The Hiyama cross-coupling reaction is a powerful method for carbon-carbon bond formation. To date, the substrate scope of this reaction has predominantly been limited to sp2-sp2 coupling reactions. Herein, the palladium-catalysed Hiyama type cross-coupling of vinyldisiloxanes with benzylic and allylic bromides, chlorides, tosylates and mesylates is reported. A wide variety of functional groups were tolerated, and the synthetic utility of the methodology was exemplified through the efficient total synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product bussealin A. In addition, the antiproliferative ability of bussealin A was evaluated in two cancer-cell lines. Copyright
- Frye, Elizabeth C.,O'Connor, Cornelius J.,Twigg, David G.,Elbert, Bryony,Laraia, Luca,Hulcoop, David G.,Venkitaraman, Ashok R.,Spring, David R.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 8774 - 8779
(2012/09/21)
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- β-aryl nitrile construction via palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative benzylation of α-cyano aliphatic carboxylate salts
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The palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative benzylation of α-cyano aliphatic carboxylate salts with benzyl electrophiles was discovered. This reaction exhibits good functional group compatibility and proceeds under relatively mild conditions. A diverse range of quaternary, tertiary and secondary β-aryl nitriles can be conveniently prepared by this method. Copyright
- Shang, Rui,Huang, Zheng,Xiao, Xiao,Lu, Xi,Fu, Yao,Liu, Lei
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supporting information
p. 2465 - 2472,8
(2020/08/31)
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- Cs2CO3 catalyzed rapid and efficient conversion of amines into sulfonamides; Alcohols and phenols into sulfonic esters
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A simple and efficient method has been developed for the sulfonylation of several amines, alcohols, and phenols by p-toluenesulphonylchloride (p-TsCl) in the presence of catalytic amount of Cs2CO3 at 25C to obtain sulfonamides and sulfonic esters in very good yields. Cs2CO3 has been found to be highly efficient catalyst. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
- Reddy, M. B. Madhusudana,Pasha
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experimental part
p. 1867 - 1875
(2011/10/11)
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- Treatment of alcohols with tosyl chloride does not always lead to the formation of tosylates
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Treatment of substituted benzyl alcohols with tosyl chloride resulted in the formation of the corresponding chlorides, not the usual tosylates. A series of experiments demonstrated that it was possible to predict whether chlorination or tosylation would occur for substituted benzyl alcohols and pyridine methanols. Treatment of electron withdrawing group-substituted benzyl alcohols with tosyl chloride gave the corresponding chlorides in moderate yields under mild conditions, which provided a simple way to directly prepare chlorides from alcohols.
- Ding, Rui,He, Yong,Wang, Xiao,Xu, Jingli,Chen, Yurong,Feng, Man,Qi, Chuanmin
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experimental part
p. 5665 - 5673
(2011/09/20)
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- Use of perfluoro groups in nucleophilic 18F-fluorination
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Substrates with leaving groups that contained perfluoro moieties were investigated in labelling chemistry in order to exploit their properties to improve reactivity and purification. [18F](Fluoromethyl)benzene was used as the model target compound. Precursors containing perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroaryl sulfonate moieties were subjected to nucleophilic 18F-fluorination, and the impact of perfluoro groups on the substitution reaction and product purification was investigated. [ 18F]Fluoride interacted with perfluoroalkyl chains, precluding nucleophilic substitution. When perfluoroaryl groups were used, the substitution proceeded, and the separation of product was explored. The radiolabelled product was obtained in 32% analytical yield and the radiochemical purity was increased to approximately 77% using fluorous solid phase extraction purification. Copyright
- Blom, Elisabeth,Karimi, Farhad,Langstroem, Bengt
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experimental part
p. 24 - 30
(2010/04/24)
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- Amphiphilic organocatalyst for schotten-baumann-type tosylation of alcohols under organic solvent free condition
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A Tosylation of primary alcohol with tosyl chloride was performed effectively with an W-hexadecylimidazole catalyst in water containing K 2CO3 aggregation of the catalyst carrying a hydrophobic methylene chain worked as a substitute for organic solvent.
- Asano, Keisuke,Matsubara, Seijiro
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1757 - 1759
(2009/09/06)
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- Stereoselective synthesis of bioactive isosteviol derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors
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Considerable interest has been attracted in isosteviol and its derivatives because of their large variety of pharmacological activities. In this project, a series of novel compounds containing hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl group and heteroatom-containing frameworks fused with isosteviol structure were synthesized and evaluated as α-glucosidase inhibitors, aimed at clarifying the structure-activity correlation. The results indicated that these isosteviol derivatives were capable of inhibiting in vitro α-glucosidase with moderate to good activities. Among them, indole derivative 15b exhibited the highest activities and thus may be exploitable as a lead compound for the development of potent α-glucosidase inhibitors.
- Wu, Ya,Yang, Jing-Hua,Dai, Gui-Fu,Liu, Cong-Jun,Tian, Guo-Qiang,Ma, Wen-Yan,Tao, Jing-Chao
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experimental part
p. 1464 - 1473
(2009/09/05)
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- An efficient organocatalyzed interconversion of silyl ethers to tosylates using DBU and p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride
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A mild and efficient interconversion from silyl ethers to sulfonates esters is reported with good yields. This silyl-sulfonyl exchange proceeds readily in acetonitrile at room temperature in the presence of p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride and a catalytic amount of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7ene (DBU). This method can be used with trimethysilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) ethers. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Gembus, Vincent,Marsais, Francis,Levacher, Vincent
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experimental part
p. 1463 - 1466
(2009/04/07)
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- Solvent-free and selective tosylation of alcohols and phenols with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride by heteropolyacids as highly efficient catalysts
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Tosylation of some alcohols and phenols has been directly carried out with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride using heterodoxy acids (H3PW 12O40, H3PMo12O40, A 3PW12O40, and AlPMo12O40) as catalysts in the absence of solvent. We found that heteropoly acids AlPW12O40 and AlPMo 12O40 were effective catalysts for the tosylation of alcohols and phenols. In the case of aliphatic alcohols, secondary alcohols undergo tosylation chemoselectively in the presence of primary hydroxyl groups. This new method consistently has the advantage of excellent yields and short reaction time.
- Fazaeli, Razieh,Tangestaninejad, Shahram,Aliyan, Hamid
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p. 812 - 818
(2007/10/03)
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- Cobalt(II) catalyzed tosylation of alcohols with p-toluenesulfonic acid
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Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O) has been found to catalyze the tosylation of both aliphatic and aromatic alcohols with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) in high yields in 1,2-dichloroethane under reflux (ca. 80°C). In the
- Velusamy, Subbarayan,Kumar, J. S. Kiran,Punniyamurthy
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p. 203 - 205
(2007/10/03)
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- Efficient and mild Ytterbium(III)-catalyzed tosylation of alcohols
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Ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate efficiently catalyzes the reaction of primary and secondary alcohols with toluenesulfonic acid anhydride to yield the alkyl tosylates in high yields. The reactions were carried out under neutral and mild conditions and product purification was easily achieved by means of short column chromatography.
- Comagic, Slobodan,Schirrmacher, Ralf
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p. 885 - 888
(2007/10/03)
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- A one-pot method for the efficient conversion of aryl- and acyl-substituted methyl alcohols into chlorides
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A one-pot and efficient conversion of aryl- and acyl-substituted methyl alcohols into the corresponding chlorides is described, which involved tosylation with tosyl chloride and triethylamine in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) in CH2Cl2, followed by methanol-facilitated replacement of the tosylates with chloride. This mild method is readily amenable to large-scale synthesis.
- Lai, Gaifa,Tan, Ping-Zhong,Ghoshal, Pallab
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p. 1727 - 1732
(2007/10/03)
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- Multiple Structure-Reactivity Relationships for a Menschutkin-type SN2 Reaction
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The mechanism of nucleophilic displacement was studied by using three variable systems of ρX, ρY and ρZ obtained from the change of substituents X, Y and Z for the reaction of (Z)-substituted benzyl (X)-benzenesulphonates with (Y)-substituted N,N-dimethylanilines in aceton at 35 deg C.The coefficient of the interaction term, ρXY, has a value of 0.21 which means that bond-making and -breaking are concerted in the SN2 transition state.In the range Z = H to p-NO2, in which the SN2 mechanism is predicted to be dominant, the ρZY value is very large, 0.5, which means that the interaction between Z and Y is very large. ρZX is ca. 0.06 which means that the interaction is small between X and Z.In contrast, in the range Z = H to p-Me, in which the SN1 mechanism is dominant, the ρZY value is nearly zero, indicating no interaction between Z and Y.Changes of substituent effect and interaction terms, ρXY, ρYZ and ρZX are useful tools for distinguishing wrong reaction mechanisms.
- Yoh, Soo-Dong,Tsuno, Yuho,Fujio, Mizue,Sawada, Masami,Yukawa, Yasuhide
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- Solvolysis of Benzyl Azoxytosylate and the Effect of Added Bases and Nucleophiles in Aqueous Trifluoroethanol and Aqueous Acetonitrile
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The rates and products of reaction of benzyl azoxytosylate (1b) in 1:1 (v/v) aqueous trifluoroethanol containing sodium perchlorate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium iodide, sodium bromide, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, perchloric acid, and imidazole (buffered and unbuffered) have been measured at 42 deg C as part of an investigation into its mechanism of solvolysis.Nonbasic solutes give only small rate effects (some rate enhancing, others rate retarding), but, if nucleophilic, they lead to substitution products-the classic evidence of an SN1 reaction mechanism.After the initial rate-determining fragmentation, about half of the total solvolytic reaction proceeds through an electrophilic benzylic intermediate which is sufficiently long-lived to be trapped by nucleophilic solutes such as thiocyanate and the halide anions to give benzyl thiocyanate and benzyl halides.The other half gives the solvent-derived products benzyl alcohol and benzyl trifluoroethyl ether by a route which is not affected by dilute nonbasic solutes.Sodium acetate, which leads to negligible formation of benzyl acetate, and imidazole lead to the formation of trifluoroethyl tosylate; imidazole also produces N-tosylimidazole.These two base-induced bimolecular reactions involve nucleophilic attack at the sulfur of the tosyl group and involve electronic polarization of 1b in the opposite sense from that in the unimolecular fragmentation.One of the minor products in the presence of bases from the trappable intermediate of the solvolysis reaction is benzaldehyde, which suggests that the intermediate is C6H5CH2ON2+, a new type of reactive electrophile.It is not yet certain whether the half of the unimolecular fragmentation reaction which does not proceed through the trappable intermediate involves another electrophilic intermediate which is simply too short-lived to be intercepted by dilute nucleophiles or whether about half of the initial fragmentation is followed by a concerted uncoupled capture of the nascent benzyl cation by solvent.Replacing a small proportion of the trifluoroethanol in the reaction medium by the more nucleophilic ethanol does not have a drastic effect upon the overall course of the reaction, and a very similar mechanism also appears to be operative in aqueous acetonitrile.
- Maskill, H.,Jencks, William P.
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p. 2062 - 2070
(2007/10/02)
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- NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF BENZYL BENZENESULFONATES WITH ANILINES IN MeOH-MeCN MIXTURES-I. EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUENT AND SOLVENT ON THE TRANSITION-STATE STRUCTURE.
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Kinetic studies on nucleophilic substitution reaction of benzyl tosylates with anilines are reported.The reaction was found to proceed via a dissociative SN2 mechanism with less than 50 percent bond formation and extensive bond breaking at the transition state.It was found that positive charge development at the benzylic carbon is substantial and para-substituent effect on the substrate is predominantly of resonance type.Bond formation is shown to be favored by a better nucleophile, by an electron withdrawing group on the substrate and by the more polar(higher MeCN content) solvent.The substrate, nucleophile and solvent were found to follow the RSP.
- Lee, Ikchoon,Lee, Won Heuy,Sohn, Se Chul,Kim, Choong Shik
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p. 2635 - 2642
(2007/10/02)
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- Deamination via Nitrogen Derivatives of Sulfonic Acids: N-Alkyl-N-nitroso-4-toluenesulfonamides, N-Alkyl-N-nitro-4-toluenesulfonamides, and N-Alkyl-N'-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)diimide N-Oxides
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The thermal decomposition of several N-alkyl-N-nitroso-4-toluenesulfonamides, N-alkyl-N-nitro-4-toluenesulfonamides, and N-alkyl-N'-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)diimide N-oxides was undertaken to determine whether the basicity of the negatively charged counterion in deamination reactions was a reaction variable.The nitrososulfonamides decompose following first-order kinetics to give the corresponding esters with retention of configuration.The reaction characteristics are very similar to those of the N-nitrosocarboxamides, and the reaction mechanisms are presumably very similar also.The N-nitrosulfonamides required high temperatures for decomposition, and they gave an anomalous set of products: amide (by denitration) and olefins, but no nitrous oxide or toluenesulfonate esters.The N'-toluenesulfonoxydiimide N-oxides, isomeric to the nitrosulfonamides, proved to be surprisingly stable compounds; they decompose by first-order kinetics to yield the corresponding esters and nitrous oxide.
- White, Emil H.,Lewis, Charles P.,Ribi, Max A.,Ryan, Thomas J.
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p. 552 - 558
(2007/10/02)
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