13778-39-7

Basic information

• Product Name: THULIUM CHLORIDE
• Synonyms: THULLIUM(III)CHLORIDE;Thulium(III) chloride heptahydrate (99.9%-Tm) (REO);Thulium(Ⅲ) Chloride;Thullium(Ⅲ)Chloride Heptahydrate
• CAS NO: 13778-39-7
• Molecular Formula: Cl3Tm
• Molecular Weight: 275.29
• EINECS: 236-904-9
• Product Categories: metal halide
• Mol File: 13778-39-7.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 821 °C
• Boiling Point: °Cat760mmHg
• Flash Point: °C
• Appearance: /powder
• Density: g/cm³
• Water Solubility: soluble H2O, alcohol [MER06]
• CAS DataBase Reference: THULIUM CHLORIDE(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: THULIUM CHLORIDE(13778-39-7)
• EPA Substance Registry System: THULIUM CHLORIDE(13778-39-7)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xi
• Statements: 36/37/38
• Safety Statements: 26-36
• WGK Germany: 2
• RTECS: XP0525000
• Hazardous Substances Data: 13778-39-7(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

Used in Research and Development:
Thulium Chloride is used as a research compound for various scientific applications. Its unique properties make it valuable in the study of rare earth elements and their potential uses in various industries.
Used in Optoelectronics:
In the optoelectronics industry, Thulium Chloride is used as a material for the development of advanced optical devices, such as lasers and optical amplifiers. Its unique optical properties contribute to the performance and efficiency of these devices.
Used in Medical Applications:
Thulium Chloride has potential applications in the medical field, particularly in the development of contrast agents for medical imaging. Its unique properties can enhance the visibility of certain structures within the body, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions.
Used in Chemical Synthesis:
As a rare earth compound, Thulium Chloride is used as a reagent or catalyst in the synthesis of various chemical compounds. Its unique chemical properties can facilitate specific reactions, leading to the production of desired products with high efficiency and selectivity.
Used in Material Science:
In the field of material science, Thulium Chloride is used in the development of advanced materials with unique properties. Its incorporation into various materials can lead to improved performance, such as enhanced magnetic, optical, or electronic properties.
Used in Environmental Applications:
Thulium Chloride can be employed in environmental applications, such as the treatment of contaminated water or soil. Its unique properties can help in the removal or neutralization of harmful substances, contributing to a cleaner and safer environment.

InChI:InChI=1/3ClH.7H2O.Tm/h3*1H;7*1H2;/q;;;;;;;;;;+3/p-3

Upstream product

• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 13778-39-7 thulium(III) chloride hexahydrate 
• 13778-39-7 TmCl₃*3H₂O 

Downstream Products

• 114363-74-5 TmCl₃*H₂O 
• 13778-39-7 TmCl₃*3H₂O 
• 109181-44-4 (TmCl₂(((H₃C)2N)3PO)4)⁽¹⁺⁾*B(C₆H₅)4^(1-)=(TmCl₂(((H₃C)2N)3PO)4)(B(C₆H₅)4) 
• 145190-59-6 {Tm(C₆H₃(OH)(OCH₃)CHNC₁₀H₇)2Cl₂(H₂O)2}⁽¹⁺⁾*Cl^(1-)*H₂O={Tm(C₆H₃(OH)(OCH₃)CHNC₁₀H₇)2Cl₂(H₂O)2}Cl*H₂O 
• 686289-27-0 [Tm(III)Cl₂(triphenylphosphine oxide)4]PF₆ 
• 21460-53-7 Tm(OOCC₆H₅)3 

Relevant articles and documents

Synthesis, structure, thermal and luminescent behaviors of lanthanide-Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate frameworks series

The isostructural series of lanthanide pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates of the formula [Ln2pdc3(dmf)2]·(dmf) x(H2O)y where Ln are lanthanides from La(III) to Lu(III); pdc2--C5/s

Thermochemical properties of the rare earth complexes with pyromellitic acid

Fourteen rare earth complexes with pyromellitic acid were synthesized and characterized by means of chemical and elemental analysis, and TG-DTG. The constant-volume combustion energies of complexes, ΔcU, were measured by a precise rotating-bomb

Coordination polymers based on inorganic lanthanide(III) sulfate skeletons and an organic isonicotinate N-oxide connector: Segregation into three structural types by the lanthanide contraction effect

Fourteen three-dimensional coordination polymers of general formula [Ln(INO)(H2O)(SO4)]n, where Ln = La, 1·La; Ce, 2·Ce; Pr, 3·Pr; Nd, 4·Nd; Sm, 5·Sm; Eu, 6·Eu; Gd, 7·Gd; Tb, 8·Tb; Dy, 9·Dy; Ho, 10·Ho; Er, 11·Er; Tm, 12·Tm; Yb, 13·Yb; and Lu, 14·Lu; INO = isonicotinate-N-oxide, have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of Ln3+, MnCO3, MnSO4·H 2O, and isonicotinic acid N-oxide (HINO) at 155 °C and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, thermal analysis, luminescence spectroscopy, and the magnetic measurement. The structures are formed by connection of layer, chain, or dimer of Ln-SO4 by the organic connector, INO. They belong to three structural types that are governed exclusively by the size of the ions: type I for the large ions, La, Ce, and Pr; type II for the medium ions, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb; and type III for the small ions, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. Type I consists of two-dimensional undulate Ln-sulfate layers pillared by INO to form a three-dimensional network. Type II has a 2-fold interpenetration of 3D herringbone networks, in which the catenation is sustained by extensive π-π interactions and O-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds. Type III comprises one-dimensional chains that are connected by INO bridges, resulting in an α-Po network. The progressive structural change is due to the metal coordination number decreasing from nine for the large ions via eight to seven for the small ions, demonstrating clearly the effect of lanthanide contraction. The sulfate ion acts as a μ4- or μ3-bridge, connecting two, three, or four metals, and is both mono- and bidentate. The INO ligand acts as a μ3- or μ2-bridge with carboxylate group in syn-syn bridging or bidentate chelating mode. The materials show considerably high thermal stability. The magnetic properties of 4·Nd, 6·Eu, 7·Gd, and 13·Yb and the luminescence properties of 6·Eu and 8·Tb are also investigated.

The mononuclear and dinuclear dimethoxyethane adducts of lanthanide trichlorides [LnCl3(DME)2]n, n=1 or 2, fundamental starting materials in lanthanide chemistry: Preparation and structures

Some new dimethoxyethane (DME) adducts of lanthanide trichlorides of formula [LnCl3(DME)2]n, n=1 or 2; (n=2, Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd; n=1, Ln=Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, Lu) have been prepared by treating Ln 2O3, or LnCl3·nH2O, or Ln2(CO3)3, in DME as medium, with thionyl chloride at room temperature, eventually in the presence of water in the case of Ln2O3 and Ln2(CO3)3. The complexes from lanthanum to praseodymium included are chloro-bridged dimers. In the case of neodymium, the new results complement the literature data, showing that both the mononuclear and dinuclear species exist: neodymium can therefore be regarded as the turning element from dinuclear to mononuclear structures along the series. Only mononuclear complexes were isolated in the Eu-Lu sequence. The lanthanide contraction has been evaluated on the basis of the Ln-O and Ln-Cl bond distances on the isotypical series of the mononuclear complexes LnCl3(DME)2 covering a range of 12 atomic numbers.

Interaction of thulium, ytterbium(III) and lutetium chlorides with sodium chloride

The pseudobinary systems NaCl-LnCl3 (Ln = Tm, Yb, Lu) were investigated by DTA and X-ray diffraction. Two types of ternary chlorides exist: congruently melting compounds Na3LnCl6 with the cryolite-structure, incongruently melting compounds NaLnCl4 with the NaErCl4-Ln (Ln = Tm) or the NaLnCl4-structure (Ln = Yb, Lu). All these structure types contain [LnCl6]-octahedra. By solution calorimetry and e.m.f. measurements in galvanic cells for solid electrolytes could be proved that all compounds are formed from NaCl and LnCl3 by gain in lattice enthalpy.

Solution enthalpies of hydrates LnCl3·xH2O (Ln=Ce-Lu)

Trichlorides of the lanthanide elements Ln=Ce-Lu form: (a) isotypic hexahydrates LnCl3·6H2O with a coordination number (CN) 8 for the Ln3+ ions. (b) Two isotypic groups of trihydrates LnCl3·3H2O, in the first group Ln=Ce-Dy the CN is 8; the structure of the second group Ln=Er-Lu is unknown. With Ho no trihydrate exists; a dihydrate is formed. (c) Two isotypic groups of monohydrates LnCl3·H2O with unknown structure - Ln=Ce-Dy and Ln=Ho-Lu. For all compounds and for anhydrous chlorides LnCl3 solution enthalpies were measured with an isoperibolic calorimeter. The ΔsolH0 values do not depend only on the difference (lattice enthalpies/hydration enthalpies), but also on the state in solution. According to Spedding the CN of the Ln3+ ions against water changes from 9 to 8 between Nd and Sm, causing minima in the series of solution enthalpies. Dihydrates LnCl3·2H2O are found for Ln=Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and presumably for Eu and Gd. They are not yet well characterised.

Ternary chlorides in the systems Acl/TmCl3 (A = Cs, Rb, K)

The phase diagrams of the systems ACl/TmCl3 (A= Cs, Rb, K) were investigated by DTA and XRD. Compounds A3TmCl6, A2TmCl5, ATm2Cl7, and Cs3Tm2Cl9 exist. Rb2TmCl5 is the first 2:1 compound in the series La to Lu crystallizing in the Cs2DyCl5 structure with connected [TmCl6] octahedra. By emf vs T measurements in galvanic chlorine cells for solid electrolytes for all compounds, ATm2Cl7 excepted, the thermodynamic functions for the formation from the compounds adjacent in the phase diagrams could be determined.

The dehydration schemes of rare-earth chlorides

The dehydration schemes of LaCl3·7H2O, CeCl3·7H2O, PrCl3·7H2O, PrCl3·7H2O, EuCl3·6H2O, GdCl3·OH2O, HoCl3·6H2O, ErCl3·OH2O, TmCl3·6H2O, YbCl3·OH2O and YCl3·6H2O have been investigated by the isothermal fluidizedbed technique. This technique is based on the fact that reactions proceed at a close approach to equilibrium and thus give rise to constant reaction rate regimes at constant gas flow and temperature in the bed. By injecting a small portion of HCl(g) (～1%) into the gas stream, hydrolysis is avoided, and dehydration to the monohydrate is recorded by both thermal analysis of the preheated inlet gas and chemical analysis of samples taken from the bed. Based on the present results, together with previous results on NdCl3·OH2O, TbCl3·6H2O and DyCl3·6H2O, dehydration schemes of all rare-earth chlorides except LuCl3 and ScCl3 are suggested.

Orthorhombic low-temperature modifications of compounds Cs3LnCl6 (Ln = Nd-Yb)-preparation and thermodynamic stability

The compounds Cs3LnCl6 (Ln=Nd-Yb) can be obtained from aqueous solutions with an orthorhombic structure /S.G. Pbcm/, whereas from solutions in anhydrous acetic acid a modification with the monoclinic Cs3BiCl6 structure /S.G. C 2/c/ is formed. By solution calorimetry, the orthorhombic phase could be proved to be the low temperature modification. Molar volumes determined from X-ray powder patterns increase from Pbcm to C 2/c. The transition from the orthorhombic into the monoclinic phase is irreversible for kinetical reasons.