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7647-01-0Relevant articles and documents
Cristol
, p. 338,341 (1947)
Coombe, R. D.,Pritt, A. T.,Pilipovich, D.
, p. 345 - 348 (1975)
Catalytic Activity of Bismuth(III) Chloride for Dehydrochlorination of Poly(vinylchloride)
Uemichi, Yoshio,Takuma, Kazuhiko,Sugioka, Masatoshi,Kanazuka, Takaji
, p. 735 - 737 (1991)
Bismuth(III) chloride was found to be highly active as a catalyst for the dehydrochlorination of poly(vinylchloride).The degree of dehydrochlorination was 97percent at the highest.The catalyst showed high activity even in water vapor.
Thermal dehydration and decomposition of FeCl3·xH2O
Kanungo,Mishra
, p. 1487 - 1500 (1996)
Thermal dehydration and decomposition characteristics of Fe(III) chloride hydrate have been studied by both isothermal and non-isothermal methods. After the initial melting at 35-40°C both dehydration and decomposition of the salt proceed simultaneously at temperature above 100°C. At 250-30°C a stable hydrated Fe(OH)2Cl is formed representing the first plateau region in the TG curve. Around 400°C, a second plateau is observed corresponding to the formation of mostly Fe2O3 which however retains some OH groups and Cl- ions. However, these temperature ranges vary with the TA equipments used. Chemical analysis of the products of decomposition at temperatures above 140°C also gives evidence for the formation of FeOCl which on hydrolysis in water gives FeCl3 in solution. The FT-IR spectra suggest the presence of structural OH groups even for samples calcined at 300-400°C. The XRD patterns of the products of decomposition in the temperature range 160-400°C indicate the presence of β-FeOOH, some unidentified basic chlorides and α-Fe2O3.
Synthesis, solution and spectral studies of palladium(II) complexes with 2-hydroxyacetophenone N(3)-propylthiosemicarbazone. Crystal structure of a tripalladium complex
Yadav, Paras N.,Demertzis, Mavroudis A.,Kovala-Demertzi, Dimitra,Castineiras, Alfonso,West, Douglas X.
, p. 204 - 209 (2002)
The reactions of palladium(II) salts with 2-hydroxyacetophenone N(3)-propylthiosemicarbazone, H2Ap3Pr, are described. The synthesis and spectral characterization of a new triangular, trinuclear palladium(II) complex with the dianion, Ap3Pr2-, are reported. The X-ray crystal structure determination of [Pd(Ap3Pr2)]3·DMF shows it to contain a chair-form hexagon of alternating Pd and S atoms to form a molecular bowl. The spectrophotometric characterization of H2Ap3Pr is also reported.
Steinman, R.,Schirmer, F. B.,Audrieth, L. F.
, p. 2377 - 2378 (1942)
Low-temperature structures of fac-trichloro(tetrahydrofuran)(D,L-tetrahydrofurfuranol)titanium(III) and fac-trichloro(tetrahydrofuran)(D,L-tetrahydrofurfuroxide)titanium(IV)
Olejnik, Zofia,Lis, Tadeusz,Utko, Jozef,Sobota, Piotr
, p. 847 - 850 (1996)
The title compounds, (I) [TiCl3(C5H10O2)(C4H 8O)] [IUPAC name: fac-trichloro(tetrahydrofuran)(D,L-tetrahydrofuran-2-methanol-O,O′) titanium(III)], and (II) [TiCl3(C5H
Tunable diode laser study of the reaction OH + ClO → HCl + O2
Tyndall,Kegley-Owen,Kegley-Owen,Orlando,Fried
, p. 1567 - 1575 (2002)
The main pathways for the formation of HCl in the stratosphere are through the reaction of chlorine atoms with methane and formaldehyde: Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3. The production of HCl in the reaction of OH and ClO radicals was measured using time-resolved tunable diode laser spectroscopy. OH and ClO radicals were formed from the 308 nm laser photolysis of mixtures containing O3, Cl2, and H2O. The rate coefficient of 1.25 × 10-12 cc/molecule-sec for the reaction at 298 K was derived. This reaction rate corresponded to a branching fraction of 6.5% relative to the currently recommended rate coefficient for the overall reaction, indicating that the reaction has a significant impact on the partitioning of chlorine compounds in the stratosphere.
Kinetic study of heterogeneous reaction of deliquesced NaCl particles with gaseous HNO3 using particle-on-substrate stagnation flow reactor approach
Liu,Cain,Wang,Laskin
, p. 10026 - 10043 (2007)
Heterogeneous reaction kinetics of gaseous nitric acid with deliquesced sodium chloride particles NaCl(aq) + HNO3(g) → NaNO 3(aq) + HCl(g) were investigated with a novel particle-on-substrate stagnation flow reactor (PS-SFR) approach under conditions, including particle size, relative humidity, and reaction time, directly relevant to the atmospheric chemistry of sea salt particles. Particles deposited onto aft electron microscopy grid substrate were exposed to the reacting gas at atmospheric pressure and room temperature by impingement via a stagnation flow inside the reactor. The reactor design and choice of flow parameters were guided by computational fluid dynamics to ensure uniformity of the diffusion flux to all particles undergoing reaction. The reaction kinetics was followed by observing chloride depletion in the particles by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM/EDX). The validity of the current approach was examined first by conducting experiments with median dry particle diameter Dp = 0.82 μm, 80% relative humidity, particle loading densities 4 × 104 ≤ Ns ≤ 7 × 106 cm-2 and free stream HNO3 concentrations 2, 7, and 22 ppb. Upon deliquescence the droplet diameter D d approximately doubles. The apparent, pseudo-first-order rate constant determined in these experiments varied with particle loading and HNO3 concentration in a manner consistent with a diffusion-kinetic analysis reported earlier (Laskin, A.; Wang, H.; Robertson, W. H.; Cowin, J. P.; Ezell, M. J.; Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 10619). The intrinsic, second-order rate constant was obtained as kII = 5.7 × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in the limit of zero particle loading and by assuming that the substrate is inert to HNO3. Under this loading condition the experimental, net reaction uptake coefficient was found to be γnet = 0.11 with an uncertainty factor of 3. Additional experiments examined the variations of HNO3 uptake on pure NaCl, a sea salt-like mixture of NaCl and MgCl2 (Mg-to-Cl molar ratio of 0.114) and real sea salt particles as a function of relative humidity. Results show behavior of the uptake coefficient to be similar for all three types of salt particles with Dp ～ 0.9 μm over the relative humidity range 20-80%. Gaseous HNO3 uptake coefficient peaks around a relative humidity of 55%, with γnet well over 0.2 for sea salt. Below the efflorescence relative humidity the uptake coefficient declines with decreasing RH for all three sea salt types, and it does so without exhibiting a sudden shutoff of reactivity. The uptake of HNO3 on sea salt particles was more rapid than that on the mixture of NaCl and MgCl2, and uptake on both sea salt and sea salt-like mixture was faster than on pure NaCl. The uptake of HNO3 on deliquesced, pure NaCl particles was also examined over the particle size range of 0.57 ≤ Dp ≤ 1.7 μm (1.1 ≤ Dd ≤ 3.4 μm) under a constant relative humidity of 80%. The uptake coefficient decreases monotonically with an increase in particle size. Application of a resistance model of reaction kinetics and reactant diffusion over a single particle suggests that, over the range of particle size studied, the uptake is largely controlled by gaseous reactant diffusion from the free stream to the particle surface. In addition, a combined consideration of uptake coefficients obtained in the present study and those previously reported for substantially smaller droplets (Dd ～ 0.1 μm) (Saul, T. D.; Tolocka, M. P.; Johnston, M. V. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 7614) suggests that the peak reactivity occurs at a droplet diameter of ～0.7 μm, which is immediately below the size at which sea salt aerosols begin to notably contribute to light scattering.
Chemical vapor transport of solid solutions. 9. The chemical vapor transport of solid solutions in the system iron(II)/(cobalt(II)- and manganese(II)/cobalt(II) germanate
Pfeifer,Binnewies
, p. 1678 - 1684 (2002)
By means of chemical vapor transport methods (900 → 700°C) using HCl as transport agent FeGeO3, Fe2GeO4 and MnGeO3 have been prepared. Co2GeO4 and Fe2GeO4 as well as CoGeO3 and FeGeO3 form continuous crystalline solid solutions, whereas in MnO/CoO/GeO2 two different phases (MnxCo1-x)GeO3 are formed. All of these systems show congruent transport behaviour. Chemical vapor transport has been proved a suitable method to prepare solid solutions.
Brown,Fletcher
, p. 1223 (1950)
Bray,Dowell
, p. 905 - 905 (1917)
Pitzer
, p. 1804,1806 (1957)
Noyes, A. A.,Chow, M.
, p. 739 - 763 (1918)
-
Senter
, (1910)
-
Kinetic studies on the reactions of HCl with trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) 2] (L=N2, H2 or CO)
Rosenblat, Marie-Cecile,Henderson, Richard A.
, p. 270 - 278 (2002)
The kinetics of the reactions between anhydrous HCl and trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) 2] (L=CO, N2 or H2) have been studied in thf at 25.0°C. When L=CO, the product is [MoH(CO)(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) 2]+, and when L=H2 or N2 the product is trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]. Using stopped-flow spectrophotometry reveals that the protonation chemistry of trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) 2] is complicated. It is proposed that in all cases protonation occurs initially at the nitrogen atom of the isonitrile ligand to form trans-[MoL(CNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]+. Only when L=N2 is this single protonation sufficient to labilise L to dissociation, and subsequent binding of Cl- gives trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]. At high concentrations of HCl a second protonation occurs which inhibits the substitution. It is proposed that this second proton binds to the dinitrogen ligand. When L=CO or H2, a second protonation is also observed but in these cases the second protonation is proposed to occur at the carbon atom of the aminocarbyne ligand, generating trans-[MoL(CHNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]2+. Addition of the second proton labilises the trans-H2 to dissociation, and subsequent rapid binding of Cl- and dissociation of a proton yields the product trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]. Dissociation of L=CO does not occur from trans-[Mo(CO)(CHNHPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh 2)2]2+, but rather migration of the proton from carbon to molybdenum, and dissociation of the other proton produces [MoH(CO)(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) 2]+.
The dynamics of the Cl+n-C4H10→HCl( v′, j′) + C4H9 reaction at 0.32 eV
Bass,Brouard,Vallance,Kitsopoulos,Samartzis,Toomes
, p. 7175 - 7186 (2004)
Rotational state resolved center-of-mass angular scattering and kinetic energy release distributions were analyzed from experimental velocity-map ion images of the HCl (v′=0, j′=0-6) products of the reaction of chlorine with n-butane. It was shown that th
Braithwaite, M.,Leone, S. R.
, p. 839 - 845 (1978)
Ropp et al.
, p. 688 (1961)
Controlled synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a modified diffusion flame reactor
Jang, Hee Dong,Kim, Seong-Kil
, p. 627 - 637 (2001)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the oxidation of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) in a modified diffusion flame reactor. The reactor utilized a multiport diffusion type burner composed of 5 concentric tubes. The flame configuration was (Ar + TiCl4)/Ar/H2/O2/air producing several tens of grams of TiO2 nanoparticles per hour. Flame characteristics of the diffusion flame at the modified burner outlet were investigated. TiCl4 concentration and flow rates of combustion gases such as oxygen, hydrogen and air were chosen as key experimental variables for the control of the particle size and phase composition. TiO2 nanoparticles ranged from 10 to 30 nm in average particle diameter, and the mass fraction of anatase synthesized was 40 to 80% in all experiments.
Synthesis of a rhenium(V) polysulfide complex and a study of its reactivity with hydrogen
Hobert, Sarah E.,Noll, Bruce C.,DuBois, M. Rakowski
, p. 1370 - 1375 (2001)
The reaction of Cp′ReCl4 (Cp′ = EtMe4C5) with 2-3 equiv of bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide in chloroform in the presence of an oxidant results in the formation of Cp′Re(η2-S3)Cl2, 2. Complex 2 has been characterized by spectroscopic methods, and its structure has been confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study. Complex 2 reacts with hydrogen under mild conditions to form H2S, HCl, and a rhenium product tentatively identified as (Cp′Re)2S4, 3. Complex 3 reacted with benzyl bromide to form [(Cp′Re)2(μ-S2) (μ-SCH2Ph)2]Br2, 4 which has been completely characterized by spectroscopic studies and an X-ray crystal structure. The structures and reactions of the Cp′Re derivatives with sulfur ligands are compared to those of the related tetrasulfur-bridged CpMo derivatives.
Matrix isolation investigation of the photochemical reaction of activator-substituted benzenes with CrCl2O2
Hoops, Michael D.,Ault, Bruce S.
, p. 277 - 290 (2008)
The matrix isolation technique, combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, has been used to characterize the products of the photochemical reactions of aniline, anisole, and N,N-dimethylaniline with CrCl2O2. While initial twin jet deposition of the reagents did not lead to product formation, new bands were noted following irradiation with light of λ > 300 nm. In the reactions of CrCl2O2 and aniline, irradiation led to HCl formation, very likely accompanied by CrClO2(H)NC6H5 formation, and a mixture of isomers of CrCl2O-aminocyclohexa-2,4-dienone via oxygen atom transfer. CrCl2O2 and aniline were also codeposited as cryogenic thin films, producing new bands. Irradiation of these films led to further growth of these bands. The same products were identified in the thin film studies as were observed in the argon matrix experiments. The irradiation of the matrices containing CrCl2O2 and anisole and N,N-dimethylaniline were shown to lead to oxygen atom transfer, forming complexes between the corresponding cyclic ketone derivatives and CrCl2O. The identification of the complexes were supported by density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G++(d,2p) level and isotopic labeling (in the case of aniline).
Volney
, p. 820 - 820 (1901)
Barton,Howlett
, p. 2033,2034,2035 (1951)
Photocatalytic degradation of dichloromethane by chlorocuprate(II) ions
Doyle, Kevin J.,Tran, Huy,Baldoni-Olivencia, Miguel,Karabulut, Merve,Hoggard, Patrick E.
, p. 7029 - 7034 (2008)
Near UV irradiation of aerated solutions of (Et4N) 2[CuCl4] in dichloromethane causes the decomposition of CH2Cl2, as evidenced by the buildup of HCl, C 2H2Cl4, and peroxides. A net reduction to [CuCl2]- occurs in the early stages, but is later reversed. In CH2Cl2, [CuCl4]2- is in equilibrium with [Cu2Cl6]2-, and only the latter species is photoactive. The decomposition is initiated by the photodissociation of chlorine atoms, which propagate to peroxy radicals, CHCl2OO. Experimental evidence, including a linear dependence of the decomposition rate on the incident light intensity and on the fraction of light absorbed by [Cu2Cl6]2-, is consistent with a mechanism in which CHCl2OO is reduced by electron transfer from [CuCl2]-, following which protonation yields CHCl 2OOH. The hydroperoxide accumulates during irradiation and it too can reoxidize [CuCl2]-. The quantum yield for HCl production at the outset of irradiation at 313 nm is 1.3 mol/einstein, based on the fraction of light absorbed by [Cu2Cl6]2-.
Temperature Dependence of Certain Characteristics of Hydrogen Chloride Solutions in Alcohols
Tanganov, B. B.
, p. 1101 - 1106 (2021/06/21)
Abstract: An estimate is made of the limiting values of electrical conductivity, the degree of dissociation, and the thermodynamic dissociation constants of hydrogen chloride in n-alcohols in the temperature range of 278–328?K with a step of 10?K. Multilevel modeling is used to develop model equations for estimating electrical conductivity and dissociation constants on the basis of solvents in a wide range of solution temperatures. Reliable and reproducible results are obtained with a high degree of reliability and reliability.
Preparation of g-C3N4 Nanosheets/CuO with Enhanced Catalytic Activity on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Ma, Dan Na,Li, Xiao Meng,Wang, Xiao Qing,Luo, Yun Jun
, p. 982 - 988 (2021/02/26)
The thermal oxidation etching assisted g-C3N4 nanosheets/CuO was prepared through a facile co-precipitation strategy. In this work, the structure, morphology, and composition of g-C3N4 (UCN, prepared by urea), g-C3N4 nanosheets (TCN, prepared by thermal oxidation etching of UCN), g-C3N4/CuO (UCN/CuO), g-C3N4 nanosheets/CuO (TCN/CuO) were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the catalytic effect of the obtained samples on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result, in the case of 5 wt% TCN/CuO, the high decomposition temperature of AP decreased by 120.6 °C, which is much lower than that of UCN, TCN, CuO and UCN/CuO. In addition, the exothermic heat released from the decomposition of AP increased from 430.64 J g?1 to 2856.08 J g?1. This evident catalytic activity may be related to the synergistic effect of CuO and TCN. This work provides a novel strategy for the construction of composite catalyst for the thermal decomposition of AP, which is supposed to possess significant potential in the solid propellant field.
An Investigation of Five Component [3+2] Self-Assembled Cage Formation Using Amidinium?Carboxylate Hydrogen Bonds
Thomas, Chriso M.,Foyle, émer M.,Walker, Samuel E.,White, Nicholas G.
, p. 787 - 794 (2021/07/14)
The assembly of hydrogen bonded cages using amidinium?carboxylate hydrogen bonding interactions was investigated. A new tris-amidinium hydrogen bond donor tecton based on a tetraphenylmethane scaffold was prepared and its self-assembly with the terephthalate anion studied, and a new tricarboxylate hydrogen bond acceptor tecton was synthesised and its assembly with the 1,3-benzenebis(amidinium) hydrogen bond donor explored. In both cases, molecular modelling indicated that the formation of the cages was geometrically feasible and 1H NMR spectroscopic evidence was consistent with interactions between the components in competitive d6-DMSO solvent mixtures. DOSY NMR spectroscopy of both systems indicated that both components diffuse at the same rate as each other, and diffusion coefficients were consistent with cage formation, and with the formation of assemblies significantly larger than the individual components. An X-ray crystal structure showed that one of the assemblies did not have the desired cage structure in the solid state.