- Efficient and selective alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol to alkyl levulinates catalyzed by double SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids
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The production of alkyl levulinates from furfuryl alcohol (FAL) in alcohol media was investigated at moderate temperature in the presence of Bronsted acidic ionic liquids. The reaction was examined and optimized under batch conditions, where it was found that furfuryl alcohol was rapidly and almost quantitatively converted into intermediate products including 2-alkoxymethylfuran and 4,5,5-trialkoxypentan-2-one, and high alkyl levulinates yield of 95% can be achieved after reaching a steady state in 2 h. An advantage of this catalyst system is that undesired dialkyl ether (DEE) formed by a side reaction of the dehydration of alcohol is negligible. The Hammett method was used to determine the acidities of these ionic liquids, which indicated that the acidity and the molecular structure have strong effects on the catalytic activity of ionic liquids. Based on the experimental results, a possible mechanism for the alcoholysis of FAL is proposed.
- Wang, Guofeng,Zhang, Zhanquan,Song, Linhua
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- One step synthesis of ethyl levulinate biofuel by ethanolysis of renewable furfuryl alcohol over hierarchical zeolite catalyst
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Ethanolysis of renewable furfuryl alcohol (FAL) to ethyl levulinate (EL) biofuel over various zeolites viz. H-ZSM-5 (microporous, medium pore), Hierarchical-HZ-5 (combination of micro- and meso pore), H-Beta (microporous, large pore) and Ultra Stable Y (USY, microporous, large pore) was studied in detail. To the best of our knowledge, probably for the first time, Hierarchical-HZ-5 synthesized by desilication post-treatment has been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for ethanolysis of FAL. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), temperature programmed NH3 desorption (TPAD), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), etc. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) was used to investigate the influence of three crucial process variables of ethanolysis such as ethanol to FAL molar ratio, percent catalyst loading and reaction temperature on EL yield. The optimization tool of design expert software was employed to obtain the optimum reaction parameters for FAL ethanolysis over Hierarchical-HZ-5 catalyst. Three intermediates of FAL ethanolysis reaction such as, ethoxymethylfuran (EMF), 4,5,5-triethoxypentan-2-one and diethyl ether (DEE) have been identified and quantified from the product mixture with the aid of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Hierarchical-HZ-5 was found to be a potential catalyst for ethanolysis of FAL with 73% EL yield and 26% EMF yield at optimized process parameters.
- Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y.,Pande, Ashwini M.,Bokade, Vijay V.
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- Graphene oxide: An efficient acid catalyst for alcoholysis and esterification reactions
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Evidence is presented for graphene oxide (GO), prepared by modified Hummers method, as a highly active, selective and reusable solid-acid catalyst for the production of alkyl levulinates via alcoholysis or esterification. 95.5% yield of ethyl levulinate was achieved by GO in furfuryl alcohol alcoholysis. Moreover, the surface SO3H groups were identified as the primary active sites, while the surface carboxyl groups worked synergistically to adsorb furfuryl alcohol.
- Zhu, Shanhui,Chen, Chengmeng,Xue, Yanfeng,Wu, Jianbing,Wang, Jianguo,Fan, Weibin
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