154476-25-2Relevant articles and documents
Mechanism of oxidation of ketorolac by hexacyanoferrate(III) in aqueous alkali: A thermodynamics and kinetics study
Badi, Seema S.,Tuwar, Suresh M.
, p. 916 - 929 (2014)
The kinetics of the oxidation of ketorolac by hexacyanoferrate(III) (HCF) in aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.75 mol·dm-3 was studied spectrophotometrically at 300 K. A plausible mechanism was proposed and the rate law was derived. The mechanism of oxidation of ketorolac (KET) in alkaline medium has been shown to proceed via a KET-HCF complex, which decomposes in a slow step followed by other fast steps to give the products. The main oxidative product was identified as (2,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl-)(phenyl)methanone and is characterized by its LC-ESI-MS spectrum. Thermodynamic parameters of various equilibria of the mechanism were calculated and activation parameters ΔH A, ΔS A, ΔG A and log10 A were found to be 29.9 kJ·mol-1, -220 J·K -1·mol-1, 96 kJ·mol-1 and 2.70 respectively.
Preparation method of related impurities of ketorolac or salts thereof
-
, (2022/04/03)
The invention discloses a preparation method of related substances of ketorolac or ketorolac salt, which comprises the following steps: by taking ketorolac or ketorolac salt as an initial raw material, adding a metal catalyst into an organic solvent, filtering out the residual metal catalyst after reaction, and crystallizing to obtain 6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolizine-3-yl (phenyl) ketone; the preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving 6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolizine-3-yl (phenyl) ketone in a solvent, oxidizing the 6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolizine-3-yl (phenyl) ketone with an oxidizing agent, and crystallizing the 6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolizine-3-yl (phenyl) ketone to obtain 5-benzoyl-2, 3-dihydropyrrolizine-1-ketone; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding 5-benzoyl-2, 3-dihydropyrrolizine-1-ketone into a polar solvent, reducing the 5-benzoyl-2, 3-dihydropyrrolizine-1-ketone by using a reducing agent, and crystallizing to obtain the (1RS)-5-benzoyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-alcohol. The method is easy to operate, raw materials are convenient and easy to obtain, and the total yield can reach 70% or above. Compared with a preparation method in the prior art, the preparation method has the advantages that byproducts are few, the yield is obviously increased, the preparation method is simple and convenient, and high-purity and high-yield related substances can be obtained without tedious and harsh conditions.
Characterization of forced degradation products of ketorolac tromethamine using LC/ESI/Q/TOF/MS/MS and in silico toxicity prediction
Kalariya, Pradipbhai D.,Raju,Borkar, Roshan M.,Namdev, Deepak,Gananadhamu,Nandekar, Prajwal P.,Sangamwar, Abhay T.,Srinivas
, p. 380 - 391 (2014/05/20)
Ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was subjected to forced degradation studies as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/Q/TOF/MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and structural characterization of stressed degradation products of ketorolac. The drug was found to degrade in hydrolytic (acidic, basic, and neutral), photolytic (acidic, basic, and neutral solution), and thermal conditions, whereas the solid form of the drug was found to be stable under photolytic conditions. The method has shown adequate separation of ketorolac tromethamine and its degradation products on a Grace Smart C-18 (250-mm-×-4.6-mm i.d., 5-μm) column using 20-mM ammonium formate (pH-=-3.2): acetonitrile as a mobile phase in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1.0-ml/min. A total of nine degradation products were identified and characterized by LC/ESI/MS/MS. The most probable mechanisms for the formation of degradation products have been proposed on the basis of a comparison of the fragmentation of the [M-+-H]+ ions of ketorolac and its degradation products. In silico toxicity of the drug and degradation products was investigated by using topkat and derek softwares. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Copyright
Approaches for improving the stability of ketorolac in powder blends
Brandl,Magill,Rudraraju,Gordon
, p. 1151 - 1153 (2007/10/03)
Methods for improving the stability of ketorolac powder blends under elevated humidity and temperature conditions were investigated. The approaches that were examined for potentially increasing the stability of ketorolac were varying the ketorolac salt form, altering the excipient ratios, and adding antioxidants or pH modifiers to the formulation. The ketorolac powder blends were stored for 3 months at 75% relative humidity (RH) and 40, 50, and 60 °C. The results showed that the salt form of ketorolac had a large impact on stability after 3 months of storage at 50 °C/75% RH. The calcium salt powder blend and the free acid powder blend exhibited only 0.2% and 0.5% drug loss, respectively, whereas the tromethamine salt powder blend showed a 10.2% drug loss. Varying the ratios of lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and croscarmellose sodium in the powder blends of ketorolac tromethamine showed that croscarmellose sodium and microcrystalline cellulose destabilized ketorolac. Addition of propyl gallate (1% w:w) to ketorolac tromethamine powder blends increased the stability of the ketorolac significantly. Addition of pH modifiers caused a modest improvement in the stability of ketorolac.
