- Octachloro-fluorescein: Synthesis and photosensitizer performance evaluation
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Fluorescence image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) receives great attention since it provides both the diagnostic and therapeutic information. Theoretically, fluorescence and the photodynamic performance (singlet oxygen) can be traced back to the same o
- Wang, Ying,Chen, Hanjiao,Li, Chenghui,Wu, Peng
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- NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION AND SEQUENCING BY SYNTHESIS WITH FLUOROGENIC NUCLEOTIDES
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In general, the invention features methods and systems for sequencing of nucleic acids based on the measurement of the incorporation of fluorogenic nucleotides in microreactors. The invention provides numerous advantages over previous systems such as unambiguous determination of sequence, fast cycle time, long read lengths, low overall cost of reagents, low instrument cost, and high throughput. The invention also features methods and kits for nucleic acid amplification. The amplification and sequencing aspects of the invention may or may not be employed in conjunction with one another. The invention also features fluorogenic nucleotides that may be used in the sequencing methods of the invention.
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Page/Page column
(2013/03/26)
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- Aqueous chlorination kinetics and mechanism of substituted dihydroxybenzenes
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The initial chlorination kinetics of several substituted dihydroxybenzenes, including chlorinated resorcinol compounds, was studied over the pH range of 2-12 at 22 °C. For each of the resorcinol substrates, the apparent chlorination rates are a minimum in the pH range of 3-6 and a maximum at pH values between 8-11. A mechanism that involves the reaction of HOCl with ArX(OH)2, ArX(OH)O-, and ArX(O-)2, and an acid-catalyzed pathway at pH 2, ArX(OH)O-, and ArX(O-)2, and an acid-catalyzed pathway at pH 4 was proposed to explain this pH dependence. Over natural water pH conditions, the reactions of HOCl with the anion and dianion forms of resorcinol groups are the most important. Although the intrinsic reactivity of HOCl with resorcinol substrates decreases with the extent of chlorine substitution on aromatic ring, the apparent reactivity of HOCl increases for more chlorinated resorcinols. In the presence of excess HOCl, monochloro- and dichloro resorcinol intermediates, therefore, should not accumulate when resorcinol groups undergo chlorine substitution. Linear free energy relationships for the reactivity of HOCl with resorcinols and phenols were developed. The sequential chlorination kinetics of resorcinol up to trichlororesorcinol can now be modeled.
- Rebenne, Laurence M.,Gonzalez, Alicia G.,Olson, Terese M.
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p. 2235 - 2242
(2007/10/03)
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- Properties of chlorinated dihydroxybenzenes - components of pulp bleaching effluents
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Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry data are given for the chlorodihydroxybenzenes which are components of wood pulp bleaching effluents and biologically-treated effluents, and are proposed intermediates in the chlorination of humic acids. The chlorohydroxybenzenes include the nine chlorocatechols, the six chlorohydroquinones and the seven known chlororesorcinols. The 22 chlorinated compounds were generally well separated on a phenyl methyl silicone column with the exception of three dichloro compounds. The chloro compounds with the same level of chlorine substitution were not able to be distinguished on the basis of their electron impact mass spectra.
- Smith, Terrence J.,Wearne, Ross H.,Wallis, Adrian F. A.
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p. 1555 - 1560
(2007/10/03)
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