191-26-4Relevant articles and documents
Emission factors and importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM 10 from the domestic burning of coal and wood in the U.K.
Lee, Robert G. M.,Coleman, Peter,Jones, Joanne L.,Jones, Kevin C.,Lohmann, Rainer
, p. 1436 - 1447 (2007/10/03)
This paper presents emission factors (EFs) derived for a range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) when coal and wood were subject to controlled burning experiments, designed to simulate domestic burning for space heating. A wide range of POPs were emitted, with emissions from coal being higher than those from wood. Highest EFs were obtained for particulate matter, PM10, (～ 10 g/kg fuel) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (～ 100 mg/ kg fuel for ΣPAHs). For chlorinated compounds, EFs were highest for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) being less abundant. EFs were on the order of 1000 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCBs, 100s ng/ kg fuel for ΣPCNs and 100 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCDD/Fs. The study confirmed that mono- to trichlorinated dibenzofurans, Cl1,2,3DFs, were strong indicators of low temperature combustion processes, such as the domestic burning of coal and wood. It is concluded that numerous PCB and PCN congeners are routinely formed during the combustion of solid fuels. However, their combined emissions from the domestic burning of coal and wood would contribute only a few percent to annual U.K. emission estimates. Emissions of PAHs and PM 10 were major contributors to U.K. national emission inventories. Major emissions were found from the domestic burning for Cl1,2,3DFs, while the contribution of PCDD/F-ΣTEQ to total U.K. emissions was minor.
Microsomal activation of dibenzo[def,mno]chrysene (anthanthrene), a hexacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a bay-region, to mutagenic metabolites
Platt, Karl L.,Degenhardt, Christian,Grupe, Stefanie,Frank, Heinz,Seidel, Albrecht
, p. 332 - 342 (2007/10/03)
Metabolically formed dihydrodiol epoxides in the bay-region of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are thought to be responsible for the genotoxic properties of these environmental pollutants. The hexacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzo[def,mno]chrysene (anthanthrene), although lacking this structural feature, was found to exhibit considerable bacterial mutagenicity in histidine-dependent strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA104 of S. typhimurium in the range of 18-40 his+-revertant colonies/nmol after metabolic activation with the hepatic postmitochondrial fraction of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with Aroclor 1254. This mutagenic effect amounted to 44-84% of the values determined with benzo[a]pyrene under the same conditions. The specific mutagenicity of anthanthrene in strain TA100 obtained with the cell fraction of untreated animals was 6 his+-revertant colonies/nmol and increased 2.7-fold after treatment with phenobarbital and 4.5-fold after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. To elucidate the metabolic pathways leading to genotoxic metabolites, the microsomal biotransformation of anthanthrene was investigated. A combination of chromatographic, spectroscopic, and biochemical methods allowed the identification of the trans-4,5-dihydrodiol, 4,5-oxide, 4,5-, 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-quinones, and 1- and 3-phenols. Furthermore, two diphenols derived from the 3-phenol, possibly the 3,6 and 3,9 positional isomers, as well as two phenol dihydrodiols were isolated. Three pathways of microsomal biotransformation of anthanthrene could be distinguished: The K-region metabolites are formed via pathway I dominated by monooxygenases of the P450 1B subfamily. On pathway II the polynuclear quinones of anthanthrene are formed. Pathway III is preferentially catalyzed by monooxygenases of the P450 1A subfamily and leads to the mono- and diphenols of anthanthrene. The K-region oxide and the 3-phenol are the only metabolites of anthanthrene with strong intrinsic mutagenicity, qualifying them as ultimate mutagens or their precursors. From the intrinsic mutagenicity of these two metabolites and their metabolic formation, the maximal mutagenic effect was calculated. This demonstrates the dominating role of pathway III in the mutagenicity of anthanthrene under conditions where it exhibits the strongest bacterial mutagenicity. platt@ mail.uni-mainz.de.
Characterization of the combustion products of polyethylene
Piao, Mingjun,Chu, Shaogang,Zheng, Minghui,Xu, Xiaobai
, p. 1497 - 1512 (2007/10/03)
Polyethylene (PE) was burned in a tube-type furnace with an air flow at a temperature of 600~900°C. Combustion products were collected with glass wool, glass fiber filter, and XAD-2 adsorbent. The analysis of the products was performed with GC-FID and GC-MSD. At low temperature, hydrocarbons were the major components, while at higher temperature the products were composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. With the high performance of the Hewlett-Packard 6890GC-5973MSD, more compounds were identified in comparison with previous studies.
