247068-82-2Relevant articles and documents
Bioinspired manganese complexes catalyzed epoxidation for the synthesis of the epoxyketone fragment of carfilzomib
Qiu, Bin,Xia, Chungu,Sun, Wei
, p. 698 - 701 (2019)
We report herein an efficient catalytic epoxidation reaction for the synthesis of epoxyketone (tert-butyl ((S)-4-methyl-1-((R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl)carbamate), which is an important synthetic intermediate of carfilzomib. A series of bioinspired manganese complexes bearing N4 ligands are carefully investigated in the epoxidation of enone precursor with H2O2 as oxidant in the presence of carboxylic acid (e.g., acetic acid).
Continuous Process Improvement in the Manufacture of Carfilzomib, Part 2: An Improved Process for Synthesis of the Epoxyketone Warhead
Beaver, Matthew G.,Shi, Xianqing,Riedel, Jan,Patel, Parth,Zeng, Alicia,Corbett, Michael T.,Robinson, Jo Anna,Parsons, Andrew T.,Cui, Sheng,Baucom, Kyle,Lovette, Michael A.,I?ten, El?in,Brown, Derek B.,Allian, Ayman,Flick, Tawnya G.,Chen, Wendy,Yang, Ning,Walker, Shawn D.
, p. 490 - 499 (2020)
The development and kilogram-scale demonstration of an improved process for the synthesis of the epoxyketone warhead of carfilzomib is described. Critical to the success of this process was: (1) development of a scalable asymmetric epoxidation protocol; (2) identification of a crystalline intermediate with improved physical properties for isolation; (3) discovery and optimization of epimerization conditions to set the target stereochemistry; and (4) introduction of a seeded-bed coaddition crystallization to facilitate isolation of the final low-melting target. The results of kilogram-scale demonstration runs are shared, including details of a continuous process for the safe execution of an exothermic Barbier-type Grignard process.
Macrocyclic Immunoproteasome Inhibitors as a Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease
Lee, Min Jae,Bhattarai, Deepak,Jang, Hyeryung,Baek, Ahreum,Yeo, In Jun,Lee, Seongsoo,Miller, Zachary,Lee, Sukyeong,Hong, Jin Tae,Kim, Dong-Eun,Lee, Wooin,Kim, Kyung Bo
, p. 10934 - 10950 (2021/08/20)
Previously, we reported that immunoproteasome (iP)-targeting linear peptide epoxyketones improve cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a manner independent of amyloid β. However, these compounds' clinical prospect for AD is limited due to potential issues, such as poor brain penetration and metabolic instability. Here, we report the development of iP-selective macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones prepared by a ring-closing metathesis reaction between two terminal alkenes attached at the P2 and P3/P4 positions of linear counterparts. We show that a lead macrocyclic compound DB-60 (20) effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of iP in ABCB1-overexpressing cells (IC50: 105 nM) and has metabolic stability superior to its linear counterpart. DB-60 (20) also lowered the serum levels of IL-1α and ameliorated cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. The results collectively suggest that macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones have improved CNS drug properties than their linear counterparts and offer promising potential as an AD drug candidate.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins Catalyzed by Substituted Aminobenzimidazole Manganese Complexes Derived from L-Proline
Lin, Jin,Sun, Wei,Tian, Jing,Xia, Chungu,Zhang, Jisheng
supporting information, (2021/11/16)
A family of manganese complexes [Mn(Rpeb)(OTf)2] (peb=1-(1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-N-((1-((1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl) pyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)-N-methylmethanamine)) derived from L-proline has been synthesized and characterized, where R refers to the group at the diamine backbone. X-ray crystallographic analyses indicate that all the manganese complexes [Mn(Rpeb)(OTf)2] exhibit cis-α topology. These types of complexes are shown to catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins employing H2O2 as a terminal oxidant with up to 96% ee. Obviously, the R group of the diamine backbone can influence the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins. In particular, Mn(i-Prpeb)(OTf)2 bearing an isopropyl arm, cannot catalyze the epoxidation reaction with H2O2 as the oxidant. However, when PhI(OAc)2 is used as the oxidant instead, all the manganese complexes including Mn(i-Prpeb)(OTf)2 can promote the epoxidation reactions efficiently. Taken together, these results indicate that isopropyl substitution on the Rpeb ligand inhibits the formation of active Mn(V)-oxo species in the H2O2/carboxylic acid system via an acid-assisted pathway.
LMP2 Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease
Bhattarai, Deepak,Lee, Min Jae,Baek, Ahruem,Yeo, In Jun,Miller, Zachary,Baek, Yu Mi,Lee, Sukyeong,Kim, Dong-Eun,Hong, Jin Tae,Kim, Kyung Bo
, p. 3763 - 3783 (2020/04/30)
The immunoproteasome (iP), an inducible proteasome variant harboring three immunosubunits, low molecular mass polypeptide-2 (LMP2), multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit-1, and low molecular mass polypeptide-7 (LMP7), is involved in multiple facets of inflammatory responses. We recently reported that YU102, a dual inhibitor of the iP subunit LMP2 and the constitutive proteasome catalytic subunit β1, ameliorates cognitive impairments in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently of amyloid deposits. To investigate whether inhibition of LMP2 is sufficient to improve the cognitive functions of AD mice, here we prepared 37 YU102 analogues and identified a potent LMP2 inhibitor DB-310 (28) (IC50: 80.6 nM) with improved selectivity and permeability in cells overexpressing ABCB1 transporters. We show that DB-310 induces suppression of IL-1α production in microglia cells and improves cognitive functions in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of AD. This study supports that inhibition of LMP2 is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of AD.
Continuous Process Improvement in the Manufacture of Carfilzomib, Part 1: Process Understanding and Improvements in the Commercial Route to Prepare the Epoxyketone Warhead
Dornan, Peter K.,Anthoine, Travis,Beaver, Matthew G.,Cheng, Guilong Charles,Cohen, Dawn E.,Cui, Sheng,Lake, William E.,Langille, Neil F.,Lucas, Susan P.,Patel, Jenil,Powazinik, William,Roberts, Scott W.,Scardino, Chris,Tucker, John L.,Spada, Simone,Zeng, Alicia,Walker, Shawn D.
, p. 481 - 489 (2020/04/10)
Epoxyketone 4 is an isolated intermediate in the manufacturing route to the commercial proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (Kyprolis). Commercial process development and optimization efforts toward the preparation of epoxyketone 4 highlighted several opportunities for process improvement. In this article, three case studies are presented that demonstrate how a detailed understanding of the reaction mechanism led to improvements that increased the overall robustness of the process. In the first case study, the mechanism of racemization of an α-chiral enone was investigated, resulting in the development of an improved aqueous workup procedure. Next, the stability of a bleach/pyridine mixture used for the step 3 epoxidation reaction was studied, leading to the identification of pyridine as a key raw material and improved reaction conditions and control strategy to meet the conversion target. Finally, oxidized butylated hydroxytoluene (oBHT) was identified as an impurity arising from the use of BHT-stabilized tetrahydrofuran in steps preceding the oxidation. The process understanding obtained from these investigations led to the implementation of process improvements that improved the robustness of the process. The development of a second-generation route to 4 is the subject of part 2 in this series (DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00052).
Preparation method of carfilzomib
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Paragraph 0019-0046, (2020/09/21)
The invention relates to a preparation method of carfilzomib, which comprises the following steps of: by using a compound represented by a formula I as an intermediate, carrying out deprotection, andreacting with a compound represented by a formula IV to prepare carfilzomib. The preparation method of the compound shown in the formula I comprises the following steps of: taking hydrogen peroxide asan oxidizing agent, and preparing a carfilzomib intermediate, namely the compound shown in the formula I, through selective epoxidation of a chiral organic catalyst. The preparation method disclosedby the invention is simple in reaction condition, simple and convenient to operate, good in asymmetric selectivity, good in yield, high in purity and suitable for industrial production.
Exploration of the carmaphycins as payloads in antibody drug conjugate anticancer agents
Almaliti, Jehad,Miller, Bailey,Pietraszkiewicz, Halina,Glukhov, Evgenia,Naman, C. Benjamin,Kline, Toni,Hanson, Jeffrey,Li, Xiaofan,Zhou, Sihong,Valeriote, Frederick A.,Gerwick, William H.
, p. 416 - 432 (2018/10/31)
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new dimension of anticancer chemotherapeutics, with warheads to date generally involving either antitubulin or DNA-directed agents to achieve low-to sub-nanomolar potency. However, other potent cytotoxins working by different pharmacological mechanisms are under investigation, such as α,β-epoxyketone based proteasome inhibitors. These proteasome active agents are an emerging class of anticancer drug that possesses ultra-potent cytotoxicity to some cancer cell lines. The carmaphycins are representatives of this latter class that we isolated and characterized from a marine cyanobacterium, and these as well as several synthetic analogues exhibit this level of potency. In the current work, we investigated the use of these highly potent cytotoxic compounds as warheads in the design of novel ADCs. We designed and synthesized a library of carmaphycin B analogues that contain amine handles, enabling their attachment to an antibody linker. The basicity of these incorporated amine handles was shown to strongly affect their cytotoxic properties. Linear amines resulted in the greatest reduction in cytotoxicity whereas less basic aromatic amines retained potent activity as demonstrated by a 4-sulfonylaniline derivative. These investigations resulted in identifying the P2 residue in the carmaphycins as the most suitable site for linker attachment point, and hence, we synthesized a highly potent analogue of carmaphycin B that contained a 4-sulfonylaniline handle as an attachment point for the linker antibody.
Tripeptide analogues of MG132 as protease inhibitors
Pehere, Ashok D.,Nguyen, Steven,Garlick, Sarah K.,Wilson, Danny W.,Hudson, Irene,Sykes, Matthew J.,Morton, James D.,Abell, Andrew D.
supporting information, p. 436 - 441 (2019/01/04)
The 26S proteasome and calpain are linked to a number of important human diseases. Here, we report a series of analogues of the prototypical tripeptide aldehyde inhibitor MG132 that show a unique combination of high activity and selectivity for calpains over proteasome. Tripeptide aldehydes (1–3) with an aromatic P3 substituent show enhanced activity and selectivity against ovine calpain 2 relative to chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome. Docking studies reveal the key contacts between inhibitors and calpain to confirm the importance of the S3 pocket with respect to selectivity between calpains 1 and 2 and the proteasome.
Covalent docking modelling-based discovery of tripeptidyl epoxyketone proteasome inhibitors composed of aliphatic-heterocycles
Dong, Xiao-Wu,Zhang, Jian-Kang,Xu, Lei,Che, Jin-Xin,Cheng, Gang,Hu, Xiao-Bei,Sheng, Li,Gao, An-Hui,Li, Jia,Liu, Tao,Hu, Yong-Zhou,Zhou, Yu-Bo
, p. 602 - 614 (2019/01/11)
The potential of specific proteasome inhibitors to act as anti-cancer agents has attracted intensive investigations. The proteasome can be covalently inhibited by epoxyketone derivatives via a two-step reaction. Several computational approaches have been developed to mimic the covalent binding event. Compound 1 composed of a six-membered heterocyclic ring was designed by using covalent docking. With a possible different binding mode from the clinical compound Carfilzomib, it occupied the S5 pocket of 20S proteasome and showed favorable inhibitory activity. Subsequently optimization and evaluation were taken place. Among these compounds, 11h demonstrated extraordinary in vitro inhibitory activity and selectivity, and good in vivo proteasome inhibitory activity, a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and xenograft tumor inhibition. The possible binding pattern of compound 11h against proteasome was further fully explored via calculations, providing a theoretical basis for finding potent proteasome inhibitors.
